Mhando mutemo: huru zvinhu

Mutemo unokosha uye kunzwisisa mumagariro chaiyo. Mhando Historical kodzero zvinosimbisa yayo zvikuru kukosha kune yose muitiro yemhindumupindu. Pashure pezvose, ivo vanoti kodzero dzakatangira mumazuva ekare mangwanani. Evanhu vemazuva ano, kuti tizive zvinhu mhando kodzero vanofanira ose kuzvipira pamusoro mugari.

zvinhu tsanangudzo

Right - mugadziriro fanira vose paruzhinji dzemunharaunda mufambiro kuti vari coercive simba, makasimbiswa uye hwatenderwa hurumende nemauto.

Objective kurudyi - kutaridza fanira uye vamwe wevakadzidza mitemo zvemitemo, izvo zvinowanisa uye anopa hurumende nechinangwa yokudzora ukama munzanga.

Nyaya kurudyi - Meter zvinogamuchirika pamutemo maitiro, aiming kugutsa pachavo zvinodiwa mugari.

Pfungwa norudzi mutemo - zvakaoma chezvinhu zvinokosha zviri pamurairo, akaonekwa mune imwe munguva.

kupatsanura mitemo

Maererano naPurofesa Leystoma OE kodzero rakakamurwa marudzi anotevera:

• munzanga;
• mumagariro;
• kusununguka.

SI Arkhipov anomutsa shanu kupatsanura zvinodiwa:

• chimwe Genesis;
• STRUCTURAL kuvimbika;
• mabviro munharaunda;
• zvakafanana unhu;
• kwemashoko mazwi.

zviratidzo zvakanaka

Kusiyanisa zvakanaka nevamwe patsika dzemunharaunda kuve kwayo mamirire zvinhu:

1. Waifarirwa ukoshi. Zvinonzi kunzwisiswa kuti chete kurudyi pasocial wokuyera fanira ose nhengo munzanga, kurarama munharaunda imwe mamiriro. Nemhaka iyi dzinoti anokwanisa kuita zvakanaka upenyu pachena takabatana uye yakatsiga. Panyaya dzimwe patsika dzemunharaunda, ivo aidawo, asi chete kuti mumwe boka vemo.
2. Formal tsanangudzo. Under kusaina ichi pamutemo zviito - haisi munhu pfungwa kana kufunga, vaitofanira chaichoicho, sezvo dziri muchimiro mitemo, mirayiro, mitemo uye mirayiridzo. Pamusana mutemo uyu anogona chaizvo kuratidza zvinodiwa kuti muonekwe vanhu maitiro avo.
3. Nokuda kushingaira coercive simba ehurumende. Types kodzero dzevanhu maererano hwaro kuita iri huye involuntary anosanganisira ehurumende Zvirango.
4. Multiple mafomu. Kutaura zvazviri, zviri pamutemo dzemunharaunda vari hariperi, sezvo vari kushandiswa nenzira risingaperi nhamba ezvinhu akasiyana.
5. Ingoramba zvakanaka. Right, pakutanga kwezvose, zvainanga mukuru kutaura pachavo kuda kana mugari. Chinangwa charo chikuru - wokuburitsa ndiro rine chokwadi zviga nokururamisira pakati yevagari.

typology kodzero

Typology mutemo inomirira yayo chaiyo kupatsanura. mhando pamutemo hurongwa inoumbwa mharidzo akawanda:

1. The raora of formational uye civilizational kuswedera.
2. Swedera, kwakavakirwa zvairatidza nenzvimbo, National zvenhau zvikuru-pamutemo, zvitendero, uye dzimwe mhando.

Nokuti inotungamirirwa nzira kunoratidzwa socio-zvoupfumi maitiro. Mhando maindasitiri ukama hazvisi inokosha chinhu evanhu kukura. Zvinonzi musi hwaro ichi mutemo mhando vari aumba. All zvina pane imwe nzira. Mhando Historical zvakarurama - muranda, feudal, Bourgeois uye mugovanisi.

Mugadziriro ari civilizational yokusvika ndedzinotevera mhando nhatu kodzero:

1. inoti Ancient.
2. Medieval inoti.
3. Modern inoti.

Maererano nzira, kwakavakirwa dzechitendero, Nzvimbo uye dzimwe mhando emit mhando izvi kodzero:

1. The National pamutemo hurongwa. Zvinonzwisiswa ari kare akaumba mumwe akagadzirwa kodzero, anoshanda pamutemo mabasa uye ringareva dzematongerwe munharaunda imwe State.
2. mhuri Legal. It inozivikanwa seboka mhuri zvemitemo, kubatanidza kuburikidza nevakawanda tsime, mamiriro uye nhoroondo nzira. Kune mhuri nhatu zvepamutemo: Romano-eGermany, reBritain neAmerica uye zvetsika dzechivanhu.

nhapwa kodzero

mutemo romuranda richinzi kuda nevaranda, rive mutemo. Zvinonzi rusununguko anotevera zvinhu:

• Muranda muridzi haana kurambidza noruremekedzo dzavo zviito kune varanda.
• Free vanhu havasi kuenzana nepedyo.
• Vanhu vari nani kupfuura vakadzi, vane vana baba.
• Private pfuma - nechepakati kupfungwa mutemo. Kuedza zviri nechirango chorufu.
• The koshesa basa reDare tsika pamutemo.
• mutemo netsika haina vavabatsire kunyorwa.
• Pakutonga uye administrative muenzaniso - hwaro zvose nheyo muranda-pakuva kodzero.

feudal mutemo

mutemo Feudal anonzi kuda kwaShe, rive mutemo. A pamazita yayo huru zvinhu:

• Vatsigiri makuru landholdings uye feudal nemadzishe sevanhu.
• It inotsigira kusaruramisira pakati makirasi uye makirasi vemo.
• It inotsigira serfdom.
• Naanamai hadzina kukuremedza zvinoenderana mhando murayiro.
• Pane risingaperi nehanya nomusi chikamu Ishe kuti murimi mudiki zvekutepfenyura vemo.
• Kodzero haisi rakakamurwa dzakavanzika uye paruzhinji.
• Chisarudzo kusawirirana nokushandiswa simba vanoonekwa zvinogamuchirika.
• Kereke anopindura nzvimbo rinokosha iri feudal mutemo.

Bourgeois mutemo

mutemo Bourgeois inomiririra kuda bourgeoisie, rive mutemo. It kunoratidzwa:

• Kurudyi rokunyika, kureva, ane chokuita nechitendero.
• The pamutemo michini iri kumusoro pamwero.
• Hofisi Tsika mutemo inofambidzana mapazi.
• Mutemo akavakamura pachena private uye voruzhinji.
• The murayiro kwainyanya mutemo.
• Kachitanga social mhando mutemo.
• Murayiro anobvuma yoga yevagari muchato.
• Basa murume ukama hwemhuri iri kurasikirwa ekare simba raro.
• Chirango kunotoreva enyika mhosva, kwete zvechitendero.
• Iva chepamutemo mibatanidzwa.
• Dzeutongi yakava yoga bazi, uyewo varikutonga.

mugovanisi mutemo

Social kodzero ane zvakasiyana hunhu uye wakasiyana pfungwa pane ose padanho ayo kukura. Danho rokutanga idanho kurutivi nokuumba mugovanisi mamiriro. Danho iri tinoberekwa kuda proletariat, kushanda vakadzidza uye vanhuwo zvavo, akaita kuva mutemo.

Danho rechipiri inowira pachikuva kare dzakabudirira gutsaruzhinji, kana murayiro inovakwa kuda vanhu vose. mutemo Socialist ane zvinotevera unhu:

• Nokuti vakaenzana, Humanism, kururamisira uye hweruzhinji.
• Yatarwa chishongedzo simba kuvanhu.
• Danho rokutanga tinoberekwa imwe dzisakarurama zvakanaka. Pokutanga unopiwa kune proletariat uye sungano makirasi.
• In danho rechipiri ayo National akazivisa.
• It vakazivisa omurume hurumende, asi tsika nheyo yokungotaura havasi kuzadzika.

Dzidziso mutemo

Paumbwe mutemo kukanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Izvi zvinotungamirira kusikwa zvakasiyana siyana nzira kuti kudzidza mutemo uye kubviswa zvakasiyana dzidziso.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ose chete dzidziso ruchigona vanowedzeredza rumwe rworudyi, achirova panze vamwe. chimiro chavo nedanho kukura zvinosiyana, uye somugumisiro zvevakomana rakasvika Pfungwa mutemo sezvinotevera:

1. Dzidziso rwokuzvarwa mutemo. Akatanga kubuda munguva dzekare. The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo mavambo ayo anonzi Ancient Greece uye Ancient Rome. Tsika uye kururamisira mutemo, pakuona kwevanhu, kuedza kuona uye kurondedzera kunyange Socrates naPlato. Zvizere kuumbwa chimiro dzidziso dzinongoitika kodzero unowanikwa muna 17-18 emakore ari gadziriro mabasa Hobbes, Radishchev, Locke nevamwe. basa ravo kusiyanisa kurudyi uye nomurayiro. We nheyo dzidziso Grotius, Diderot, Rousseau nevamwe. Musimboti chaiwo mutemo pakutsvaga chokwadi kuti hakuna chete kusika yakanaka mamiriro, asi akamira pamusoro wake chaivo kurudyi. Ndivo chete yose kwevanhu uye vanopiwa kwaari pavaizvarwa. Implementation kwavo kunodiwa, sezvo anokonzera hakusi mamiriro asi chaiye munhu.
2. Historical School Mutemo. Kwakasimbiswa muna 18-19 emakore mauto Hugo, Savigny, Puchta. In pfungwa iyi pasi pemurairo zvinonzwisiswa sezvo inogadzirwa mumudzimu vanhu, navadzidzisi nechokwadi munzanga. Kodzero ane National hunhu, uye hakubvi pane kuzviitira mafungiro mamiriro.
3. Dzidziso yacho normative mutemo. Kupararira pakati vanhu chetatu maviri ehondo remakore Kedzena, Marhabha, Novgorodtseva wokutanga. Kelzen anorondedzerwa zvakarurama se rakava maererano akanyatsorongwa negomo umo chitonge "mwero inokosha". Akaritumidza kuti Constitution. Hwaro uye vokutanga matanho ari chepiramidhi vari zvibvumirano, mirayiro administrative, zvinofungwa vatongi uye nemamwe mabasa nomumwe hunhu. More simba kubva pamutemo nemaonero, nhanho, zvinopa Mvumo yayo rezasi. Legal dzidziso haafaniri pakuti dzidziso. Zviri inoshanda mudanga rezvipfuwo ezvinhu nekumirira ndiro rine chokwadi munhu kodzero norusununguko.
4. Sociological Dzidziso mutemo. Yechipiri yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore. The havaoni - Ehrlich, Murom, Kantorowicz nevamwe. Kunoda kuti kubudirana pachena uye rusununguko mutemo-Kugadzirwa vatongi. Ngaarege kunzi ndozvakajairwa, aifarirwa mutemo. It anonyatsoteerera kurudyi, sezvo zviri pamutemo hukama pakati vanhu. Mutongi vaiona musiki mutemo.
5. Psychological Dzidziso Mutemo. It dzakatangira rechi20 nokuvonga remakore mabasa Ross, Petrazhitsky, mañana. Kodzero runoparadzanisa migove miviri - yakanaka uye nzwisisa.
6. The Marxist Dzidziso mutemo. Yechipiri yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore. The havaoni vari Karl Marx, Friedrich Shona uye Vladimir Lenin. Kodzero kunotsanangurwa so kuda raitonga zvoupfumi uye enyika kirasi. Kodzero kunotemwa neHurumende zvachose.

zvakanaka mabasa

Mashandiro murayiro zvinosanganisira:

• zvoupfumi;
• enyika;
• dzidzo;
• pfungwa;
• humanistic;
• pamutemo;
• Gwaro.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo kunokosha rakakura pakuita pave kwemitemo.