Medieval unyanzvi uye mamiriro ayo

Middle Ages - akasiyana nemamwe nhoroondo kumwedzi. hunotanga uye rinoguma panguva dzakasiyana munyika imwe neimwe. Somuenzaniso, muna Western Europe, kuMiddle Ages ndiyo nguva kubva V kusvikira XV emakore, Russia -. X kune XVII emakore, uye kuMabvazuva -. IV kuti XVIII emakore. Funga zvakare sei nhaka yomudzimu kutisiira creators nenguva.

General unhu

Chii chakanga Ages unyanzvi? Muchidimbu, izvozvo vakabatana quests zvomudzimu akararama panguva iyoyo vanatenzi. The chikuru misoro zvisikwa zvavo vakanga vakatsunga nekereke. Yakanga iye akaita huru mutengi. Zvichakadai, nhoroondo Ages iwe kwakabatana kwete chete nevanhu dzechiKristu. In achabatira kuyeuka kuti nguva vakanga vachiri zviratidzo yechihedheni maonero. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa tsika, ngano uye zvinoitwa.

mumhanzi

Pasina izvozvo, haagoni kunzi Ages unyanzvi. Music kwainzi chinokosha hwevanhu panguva iyoyo. Anogara achiperekedzwa mazororo, mhemberero, mazuva okuzvarwa. Pakati zvikuru nevanhu zvishandiso vaiva nenyanga, nyere, mabhero, nengoma, miridzo, ngoma. Kubva nyika kumabvazuva kuMiddle Ages vakauya nomutengeramwa mumhanzi. Vaiva vavariro nguva tsika zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muchirimo mangwanani yakanga mimhanzi chaiyo kuti vanhu vakadzinga mweya yechando uye kuzoziviswa kutanga kupisa. Christmas Evha ndaingova kurira mabhero. Akatakura akanaka pamusoro pakuonekwa Muponesi.

mabhuku

Medieval mabhuku uye uri rabva akapfuma nhaka zvizvarwa zvaizotevera. mabhuku iyoyo okutanga nokungwarira transcribed uye ipapo kufananidzirwa mamongi. Panguva pepa kwainzi husiri nyore kuwana, maererano nayo chikatsiviwa yematehwe. Zvinonzi kubva calfskin kana gwayana. Ndakadzidza kuti vanyore inonzi emapuranga mahwendefa akafukidza dema kana girini wakisi. Medieval mabasa ounyanzvi mudzidziso kunonyanya pamusoro pamapuranga. Nokuti vakawanda mavhoriyamu vaishandisa nyore nedehwe nekusimbisa, nebefu. Medieval tsika uye nounyanzvi vakanga vafumiswa tichiregeredza rakarashika nyanzvi uye vadetembi. Vanoenda kungofamba kuongorora marudzi achinyora dzimwe nyika. With veMubatanidzwa courtly rudo Ages iwe uzere romanticism. Akaratidza kunyanya prose uye mumhanzi. Pavazhe vakaimba nziyo kuna paakaita hondo Karla Velikogo, Arthur uye Roland. Achishingaira akaramba kutanga kunyora. In KuMiddle Ages pakanga uppercase uye lowercase tsamba, akasarudza kunyora mitemo. Books panguva iyoyo vaiona pfuma chaiyo. Vaisafanira kuwanikwa mukuru guru vemo. Kazhinji, vari kuchengeta pasi zvechizarira uye kiyi. Kana mumwe munhu akava nematambudziko nemari, bhuku aigona kuisa uye kuwana mubayiro wakanaka.

Medieval Art: Mufananidzo

Nokufamba kwenguva iyoyo kure, kusikwa murals uye mifananidzo chete kubata nevaya muine tarenda uye vane pokutanga anogona kuzochera. basa iri okusika haasi mamwe chitandadzo kana dandadzo. Medieval unyanzvi anoratidzwa kuti vanatenzi vamwe zvinodiwa. kupenda neimwe kana seinäkartta aiva mutengi. Kazhinji, asi kupendwa masvingo chechi, atari kana munyengetero mukamuri. Middle Artists anogona nani kunzi Artisan, sezvo vaiva Somuenzaniso, vavezi kana mupfuri. Ndokusaka mazita vazhinji vavo havana kusvika nhasi. Somuenzaniso, vanogadzira shangu regai kuisa siginicha yake pamusoro peya imwe shangu. Mukuwedzera, pakusikwa murals vaiwanzogara seboka. Artists havana kunangana kutevedzera chaizvo nyika. Medieval makanaka vaifungidzira munyaya dzetsika uye mupfungwa kukanganisa vanhu. Kubva ichi isu yakatanga vamwe mitemo dzisina:

• Ratidza mumwe mutambi mumwe kanivhasi panguva dzakasiyana nguva zvikamu (akafanana enyaya ano).
• Kuti hanya chaiwo munhu kupa kunonyanyisa maonero chiitiko.

Medieval yakasvibiswa girazi uri waibva zvikurukuru panyaya dzechitendero. Kazhinji akapendwa nyaya dzakadai se "The Dzokuberekwa", "The Crucifixion", "The Passion waKristu", "Madonna ne Child" uye nezvakadaro.

Romanesque

Vakanga azere Ages uri Western Europe iri X - XII emakore. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo wokugadzira rakapona kusvikira XIII remakore. Akava mumwe anokosha nzendo art yokuMiddle Ages. Romanesque Style anosanganisa Late Antiquity uye merovingian zvidzidzo hurongwa "Carolingian Renaissance", the Great Kutama kumwedzi. We vakapinda Ages uri Western Europe, ari Byzantine uye yokuMabvazuva okunze. Romanesque werudzii kuchangotanga tichitarisa kukura feudalism uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko Church Catholic dzidziso. Chivako huru, pakusikwa zvivezwa, zvinyorwa rinoitwa mamongi. Kereke yaiva zvinyorwa refu zvakakwana kana aiparadzira Ages unyanzvi. Architecture aivawo kanosvota. The chikuru Distributor wokugadzira panguva vaiva yemamongi murayiro. Chete pakupera XI remakore vakatanga kubuda mbeya papurazi akarara-navavaki.

akitekicha

Zvivako yeMunhu Ega uye zvivako (nhare machechi, dzemamongi) dzakavakwa munyika Romanesque manyorerwo, sezvo mutemo, muruwa. Ivo atonge vamwe, embodying chakafanana "guta raJehovha" kana kuita sechinhu kutarisana kuratidza simba feudal ishe. Western Ages iwe yakavakirwa maererano. Clear silhouettes uye chiine chimiro kwezvivako sokunge inodzokororwa uye akapedza kwenzvimbo. In dzinongoitika ibwe akaita somunhu mukuru kuvaka zvinhu. Iye zvakakwana zvinoenderana greenery uye ivhu. The chikuru chinoratidza zvivako zviri Romanesque manyorerwo ari rusvingo hombe. Dzavo chinopunyaira akasimbisa yakamanikana hwindo mawindo uye recessed akapindira nezvikumbaridzo (ndima). Mumwe zvinokosha zvenyaya murwiyo kwainzi refu shongwe. Romanesque Kuvaka kwegadziriro nyore stereometric mavhoriyamu: prisms, cubes, parallelepipeds, sepombi. pamusoro wavo akanga dziya maberere mashizha arkaturno friezes. zvinhu izvi vemasvingo mutinhimira akakura, asi asingaiti kanganisa avo vakaperera monolithic.

temberi

Vakaita hwakabva zvinokonzerwa okutanga kwechiKristu mapurani mhando centric uye bazilikanskoy chechi. In yokupedzisira chinokosha zvinhu zvaiva shongwe kana Lantern. Mumwe mukuru chikamu chetemberi akasikwa ari yoga spatial chakagadzirwa. Vose externally uye nechomukati zvakafanira akaparadzaniswa zvakajeka kubva zororo. Zvinonyatsorehwa pfungwa yakanga ine Maberere. Vakanga kunyanya muchinjikwa serin'i, cylindrical kana muchinjikwa rumbabvu. Pane mimwe temberi yakaiswa rising.

Zvinoita zviri yakarongedzwa

Mukutanga nzendo Romanesque chikuru basa rakanga reDare parusvingo mifananidzo. Pakazopera XI -. The Pakutanga XII remakore, kana configuration vemasvingo ceilings kwakamuomera mutemberi yakarongedzwa zvinosanganisira akakura reliefs. Vakanga yakashongedza nezvikumbaridzo, uye kazhinji rusvingo zvachose France. Inside chivako vakanga kureva mbiru misoro. Mukupera Romanesque manyorerwo chakatsiva sandarara nomunzvimbo dzine anouya yepamusoro uye kwakanyanya migumisiro chiedza uye mumvuri, asi kuchengeta makemikari ukama parusvingo. Nzvimbo huru paguva uye chivezwa kugara shinda kutaura inotyisa uye risingaperi simba raMwari. In tisingatauri zvakafanana, ichibata nziyo vaikunda vazvionere Kristu. Kana nhoroondo zvinogara panguva Dudziro uye yemubhaibheri misoro, ivo vava kupfuura simba uye vakasununguka hunhu. Romanesque mapurasitiki yakasiyana zvarakasiya kubva dzinongoitika kukura. Nenzira iyi mufananidzo womunhu anova mutakuri Kunyanyisa kuratidza chiratidzo kana chishongo chinhu pasina kurasikirwa panguva yomudzimu mashoko.

Gothic

Pfungwa iyi wakatangwa muna Renaissance. Gothic art Ages Europe zvaionekwa "ufuza". XII emakore - X maruva kuti Romanesque vaiona. Riini rinotsanangurwa panguva iyi, anotevedzana kuumbwa vakanga kungogumira Gothic. Saka zvakanzi dzoga mangwanani vakura (matunhu) uye mushakabvu (unopfuta) nzendo. Kukura Gothic chaizvo munyika idzodzo umo chiKaturike okunda. Iye akaita vakawanda muchitendero art dzechitendero kugutsikana uye chinangwa chayo. Gothic correlated nokusingaperi, yakakwirira safunga mauto.

Zvinoumba inotungamirwa

Unyanzvi Ages Stained magirazi, chivezwa uye mavakirwo ari Gothic nguva nhaka kubva Romanesque werudzii zhinji zvinhu. A nzvimbo chaiyo maigara Cathedral. Pamusoro pokumuka Gothic kukanganiswa achinje mumagakava marongerwo. Panguva iyoyo, uchitanga kuumba centralized mamiriro, akakura uye akasimbisa guta, vakatanga achikwirira zvenyika mauto - zvokutengeserana, raanoziva, madhorobha, courtly-knightly yeChina. Sezvo paumbwe paruzhinji kuziva, kuvandudza unyanzvi vakatanga kuwedzera mikana aesthetic kududzirwa nyika. Takatanga kuumba itsva mapurani negwara. Kwakapararira mumaguta kukura. In mumadhorobha mapurani ensembles vakapinda zvenyika uye zvechitendero zvivako, mabhiriji, masvingo, matsime. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, chikuru padare reguta tote nedzimba arcades, yokuchengetera zvinhu uye Retail nzvimbo iri pasi uriri. Iye vakadzokera shure kubva mumigwagwa. Vakaita mudungwe munzira yakamanikana pamadziro ose runonyanya maviri storey dzimba (Kashoma nhurikidzwa nhatu) vaine Gables. Vakatanga kuti vakombe guta rine masvingo akasimba, vakanga akashongedzwa shongwe okufambisa. Royal uye feudal nemisasa Zvishoma nezvishoma dzikwanise rose zvivako, kusanganisira dzechitendero, nhare uye masvingo.

chivezwa

Iye akaita sechinhu chikuru chimiro ounyanzvi. Machechi mukati uye yakashongedzwa vakawanda reliefs uye mifananidzo. Gothic chivezwa, kana tichienzanisa Romanesque, riri simba, kuparadzirwa nhamba mumwe uye kuti vateereri. Akatanga kuratidza kufarira dzinongoitika dzinongoitika siyana, vanhu runako uye manzwiro. Nzira itsva yakatanga kubata dzinotaura saamai, yechibairo nemishonga, tsika kutambura. Zvachinja uye mufananidzo Kristu. In Gothic werudzii kuoneke akatanga kusiya kutenda dingindira. Mune art kunamatwa Our Lady akatanga kutora chimiro. Izvi zvakaitika anenge panguva iyoyo yakanaka yokunamata vakadzi. Kazhinji izvi zviviri chitendero zvakanyatsobatana. In vazhinji Amai vaMwari akazviratidza akafanana mukadzi akanaka. Panguva iyoyowo vanhu akachengetedzwa kutotenda zvishamiso, nakisisa namakava, naka mhuka. zvifananidzo zvavo zvinogona kuwanikwa Gothic manyorerwo kakawanda muna Romanesque manyorerwo.

India

nyika iyi inozivikanwa munyika yose nokuda kwayo kuverengwa zviwanikwa, akanaka handicrafts. Kubvira vachiri vaduku vana varombo yaiwanzobuda kushanda. Education vanakomana nevanasikana kwamachinda rakatanga mugore rechishanu upenyu hwavo. Education vakagamuchira kuchikoro pazvavovo kana kumba. Children kubva Brahmin vanhu vakaderera vakadzidziswa naivowo imba. Mwana anofanira tarisa vadzidzisi, mune zvose vanomuteerera. Vanakomana varwi uye machinda vaidzidziswa sayenzi zvechiuto uye unyanzvi utungamiriri. Vamwe dzemamongi vakashanda senzvimbo edzidzo. Achidzidzisa wavo kunze panguva soro chechetere. muzinda akadaro Somuenzaniso, aiva yemamongi Noland. It kuvhiyiwa mari yakawanikwa kubva mumisha ane zana, uye nezvipo yavabati. Mune mamwe maguta, Ages India vakavhura Observatory. Masvomhu aigona ngaaverenge Vhoriyamu miviri uye mativi zvitarisiko vakasununguka kubata fractional nhamba. Good yakazokudziridzwa muIndia mushonga. Bhuku rinotsanangura mamiriro muviri womunhu uye nhengo dzomukati. vanachiremba Indian vari kushandisa anenge 200 maturusi akasiyana uye achishandisa yokutindivadza, ita kushandiswa dzakaoma. Kuti kumisa chirwere, vanachiremba akayera muviri kudziya murwere kupomba, nemaziso achiongorora murwere, anoteerera mutauro uye rweganda. Art uye nesayenzi mu Ages India asvika kusingaenzaniswi dzakakwirira.

ibwe chivezwa

Akashanda sezvo chishongo mapurani. Kazhinji, kuti chivezwa chaipiwa decoration dzakakwirira reliefs. Nemifananidzo izvi zvose vakanga kufanana. Kufamba, nhengo dzomuviri, postures vanhu vanotarira zvinoshamisa ichiyevedza uye kuratidza. Izvi imhaka kufurirwa pamusoro pokumuka kutamba uri chivezwa, yakanga kwakapararira kuIndia, pamwe zvikuru vekare. The dombo iri achiri Ashoka akatanga kusika kubako kutemberi uye masero kuti hermits. Vaiva maduku uye tinobereka zvivako emapuranga dzinogarwa. Kuchamhembe kweIndia, akavaka temberi oblong-denderedzwa (parabolic) chimiro. Pamusoro dzavo kuvakwa amburera lotus. In rwezasi, temberi vaiva muchimiro rectangular chepiramidhi. Inside kamuri kwasviba uye pasi. Vakadaidzwa tsvene. Log mazviri vasingagoni vose. Zvavovo chivanze chiri akashongedzwa zvivezwa kuratidza paakaita mifananidzo kana zvichishandurwa nenzira yokufananidzira kunamata Mwari, kukudzwa iyo temberi yakavakwa. Zvadaro, muna India, kunyanya zasi, sculptural zvinhu zvava zvokuti Zvivako zvechitendero vakashumira sezvo zviri kwavari. Kwakadaro somuenzaniso temberi muna Orissa Konarak, Khajuraho.

chekare mabasa

KuMiddle Ages munzvimbo zhinji India kusika navo achishandisa netting mitauro. Muchiitiko chino, vadetembi vakawanda zvakanyorwa Sanskrit. mabhuku aya kwave kunoitwa mashoko chaiwo ivhu kutanga. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva izvozvo anova ndarama nokuenzanisa pamusoro dare. In basa iri, Somuenzaniso, kwaiva detembo "Ramacharita". Mundima nerimwe, kwawaiita nezvaanoreva miviri, izvo zvinogona kwaenzaniswa mambo mabasa Rampal kuti dzezvakaitwa yakakura pakati Rama. KuMiddle Ages nhetembo Zvisinei munguva huru,, kusvikira 12-13 emakore. Zvakatanga kuoneka uye vavatore. Works akanyorwa Sanskrit ari Genre pamusoro azviveza nyaya - nyaya chokuita nevanhu chete nemuchinjikwa okukohwa musoro. Saka, Somuenzaniso, imwe rondedzero "Kadambari". basa iri inotiudza vanoda vaviri vakambogara panyika kaviri guises siyana. Munyaya satirical yokufungidzira "The Adventure wemachinda 10" akanyombwa vatongi, vanozvinyima, vanoremekedzwa uye kunyange vamwari.

maruva

Rikawira pasi IV-VI emakore. Panguva iyoyo, kuchamhembe chikamu India rakabatanidzwa kuva simba mamiriro. Zvinonzi neKomisheni madzimambo Gupta dzinza. Akapararira munzvimbo idzi Ages uri kuparadzira kumaodzanyemba kundima. In muBhudha dzemamongi netemberi ari Ajanta akachengetedzwa nemamwe mienzaniso nguva. Munzvimbo kubva 2nd remakore munguva pfumbamwe emakore hunotevedzana akauya 29 mumapako. ceilings dzavo, masvingo, mbiru aisiya mifananidzo nengano yechiBhudha, yakashongedzwa mifananidzo uye chivezwa. Ajanta akaita somuzinda kwete chete rechitendero, asiwo unyanzvi uye nesayenzi. Pari, izvozvo inomirira ukuru mudzimu kare. The Ajanta kunokwezva vashanyi vakawanda munyika yose.