Maitiro seSayenzi: tsanangudzo, nyaya yekutsika, chinhu uye mabasa. Nyaya yezvetsika ndeye ...

Kudzidza kwehutano hwevanhu uye hukama hwavo pamwe chete hwakagara huripo nevazivi vekare. Kunyange ipapo kwakaonekwa pfungwa yakadaro sa ethos ("ethos" mumutauro wechiGiriki chekare), zvinoreva kubatana mukati meimba. Gare gare vakatanga kuratidza chigarire chiitiko kana kuti chiratidzo, somuenzaniso, unhu, tsika.

Nyaya yehutsika semafungiro efilosofi yakatanga kushandiswa naAristotle, ichipa icho chirevo chekunaka kwevanhu.

Nhoroondo yemitemo

Makore 2500 apfuura, mafirosofi makuru akatsanangura zvinonyanya kukoshesa unhu hwemunhu, hutano hwake uye unhu hwemweya, hwavakadana hutsika hwakanaka. Cicero, anozivikanwa nemabasa aAristotle, akaunza izwi idzva rokuti "tsika", izvo zvakave zvichireva zvinoreva.

Kuwedzera kwekutsvaga kwefilosofi kwakatungamirira kukuti yakatsaura chirango chakasiyana-tsika. Nyaya yacho (tsanangudzo) yakadzidzwa nesayenzi tsika uye tsika. Kwenguva yakareba izvi zvikamu zvakapiwa zvakaenzana zvakakosha, asi vamwe vazivi vakavasiyanisa. Semuenzaniso, Hegel aidavira kuti tsika dzakagadzikana maonero ezviito, uye mutsika ndezvezviito pachavo uye chinangwa chavo.

Zvichienderana nematongerwe enyika anoitika munyika, uye kuchinja mune hutano hunosimbisa hurumende, nyaya yehutsika yakaramba ichichinja zvazvinoreva nehutano. Zvakanga zvakasikwa nevanhu vepakutanga, zvakava zvisina kujairika kune vagari vomunguva yekare, uye tsika dzavo dzetsika dzakatsoropodzwa nevafirosofi vekare.

Doantichnaya mitemo

Nguva yakareba isati nyaya yemaitirwo seasayenzi yakaumbwa, pane nguva yakareba, iyo inowanzonzi "preethics".

Mumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kupenya panguva iyoyo anogona kunzi Homer, ane ma hero avo vane maitiro akanaka uye asina kunaka. Asi iyo pfungwa yakawanda, zviito zvipi zvinoenderana nekunaka, uye izvo zvisiri, hazvina kuumbwa. Handizvo Odyssey kana Iliad inodzidzisa, asi kungorondedzera zviitiko, vanhu, masimba uye vamwari vairarama panguva iyoyo.

Kwenguva yokutanga maitiro evanhu ehupamhi sechiyero chehutsika hwakanaka hwakaratidzwa mumabasa eHesiodhi, uyo aigara pakutanga kwekirasi yechikwata chevanhu. Unhu hukuru hwomunhu aifunga basa rakatendeseka, ruramisiro uye mutemo wezviito sechikonzero chezvinoendesa kuchengetedza nekuwedzera kweimba.

Nzira yekutanga yehutsika nemafambiro ndiwo mazwi evanhu vashanu vakachenjera vekare:

1. Remekedza vakuru (Chilo);
2. Dzivisa kusaruramisira (Cleobel);
3. Vanamwari vanokudzwa, uye vabereki vanokudza (Solon);
4. Chengetedza chiyero (Thales);
5. Pacify kutsamwa (Chilo);
6. Kutendeseka kune chikanganiso (Thales).

Izvi zvinotarisirwa kuvanhu kubva kune humwe hutsika, uye saka vakava tsika yekutanga tsika dzevanhu venguva iyoyo. Maitiro seSayenzi, nyaya uye mabasa ayo ndiko kudzidza kweunhu uye unhu hwake, hwakanga huri pakutanga.

Sophists nevarume vekare

Kubva muzana remakore re5 BC, munyika dzakawanda, kukura kwemasayenzi, zvigadzirwa nemapurani zvakatanga. Hazvina kumboitika nguva ino vakawanda vazivi vakaberekerwa, zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana uye magadzirirwo akaumbwa, izvo zvakabhadhara zvakanyanya matambudziko evanhu, maitiro avo ezvomudzimu uye netsika.

Chinyanya kukosha panguva iyoyo chaiva huzivi hweAkare Grecia, inomiririrwa nemitemo miviri:

1. VaAmori uye sophist avo vakaramba kusikwa kwetsika zvinodiwa kune vose. Semuenzaniso, sophist Protagoras aida kuti chinhu ichocho uye chinangwa chemitemo ndechekutevedzera, chikamu chisingachinji, chinoshandiswa pasi pesimba remazuva. Icho chiri cheboka rehukama, nokuti vanhu vese mune imwe nguva yenguva vane maitiro avo emufambiro.
2. Vakatarisana nemafungiro akadai seSocrates, Plato, Aristotle, avo vakasika nyaya yezvetsika semasayenzi emufambiro uye Epicurus. Vaitenda kuti hwaro hwehutano hwakanga huri kuwirirana pakati pemafungiro nemanzwiro. Mune maonero avo, hazvina kupiwa nevanamwari, izvo zvinoreva kuti chiri chinhu chinoita kuti munhu aparadzanise mabasa akanaka kubva kune vakaipa.

Yaiva Aristotle mubasa rake "Maitiro" akaparadzanisa unhu hunoonekwa nemunhu mumarudzi maviri:

• Maitiro, izvo zvinoreva, kushamwaridzana nehasha nekutsamwa;
• Dianoethic - inobatanidza nekukura kwepfungwa kwevanhu uye kukwanisa kukanganisa kuda nekubatsirwa kwekufunga.

Maererano naAristotle, nyaya yehutsika ndeye dzidziso zvitatu-pamusoro pezvakanakisisa, pamusoro pezvakanaka zvachose uye mumunhu oga, uye chinangwa chokudzidza munhu. Ndiye iye akaisa mukati maro kuti tsika (tsika) ndiyo inowanikwa nzvimbo yemweya. Akaita pfungwa yemunhu akanaka.

Epicurus naStoiki

Mukupesana naAristotle, Epicurus akapfuurira pfungwa yake yehutsika, maererano nehupenyu huno hunoenda kune kugutsikana kwezvinodiwa zvinodiwa uye zvido zvinofadza uye zvakanaka, nokuti zvinowanikwa zviri nyore, izvo zvinoreva kuti vanoita kuti munhu wacho aonekwe uye zvose zviri mukati.

Nzira yakadzika mushure meAristotle mukukudziridza mitemo yakasiya maStoiki. Vakatenda kuti zvose zvakanaka (zvakanaka uye zvakaipa) zvakarongedzwa mumunhu pamwe chete nenyika yakapoteredza. Chinangwa chevanhu ndechekudziridza mukati mavo maitiro ane chokuita nekanaka, uye kubvisa kutanga kwakaipa. Vamiriri vekuStoiki vainge vakunda zvikuru vaiva Zeno muGreece, Seneca naMarcus Aurelius muRome.

Medieval maitiro

Munguva iyi, chirevo chetsika ndechekusimudzirwa kwemitemo yechiKristu, sezvo nyika yakatanga kutonga tsika dzechitendero. Chinangwa chakakwirira chevanhu munguva yepakati pekare ndechekushumira kuna Mwari, iyo yakashandurwa kuburikidza nedzidziso dzaKristu pamusoro perudo rwake kwaari.

Kana vazivi vepanguva yekare vaidavira kuti kunaka kune chiremera chemunhu chero upi zvake uye basa rake ndekuzviwanza kune rumwe rutivi rwekunaka kuitira kuti zvive maererano nemoyo uye nyika, zvino nekukura kwechiKristu vakave ngoni dzaMwari apo Musiki anogadza vanhu kana kwete.

Vaya vanozivikanwa zvikuru mafilosofi panguva iyo ndiAugustine Wakaropafadzwa naTomasi Aquinas. Maererano nekutanga, mirairo yaive yakakwana, sezvo yakabva kuna Mwari. Iye anorarama navo uye anorumbidza Musiki, achauya kwaari kudenga, uye mamwe ose akagadzirira gehena. Uyezve, St. Augustine akati hakuna imwe yakadaro seipi yakaipa mumasikirwo. Izvo zvinoitwa nevanhu uye ngirozi dzinotsauka kubva kune Musiki kuti dzivepo.

Thomas Aquinas akapfuurira mberi, achizivisa kuti kufara muhupenyu hazvibviri - ndicho chikonzero chekufamba kweupenyu. Nokudaro, nyaya yehutsika muMiddle Ages yakasangana nemunhu uye unhu hwake, kupa nzira yekereke pfungwa pamusoro penyika uye nzvimbo mairi yevanhu.

New Ethics

Nzvimbo itsva munekudziridzwa kwefilosofi nemitemo inotanga nekurambwa kwehutsika sezvo Mwari achapiwa kuvanhu mumirairo gumi. Semuenzaniso, Spinoza yakataura kuti Musiki akasika, chikonzero chezvinhu zvose zviripo, zvichiita maererano nemitemo yayo. Akatenda kuti munyika dzakapoteredza hapana chakanaka chakanaka uye chakaipa, pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo munhu anoita nenzira imwe neimwe. Uku ndiko kunzwisisa kwezvakakosha uye zvinokuvadza pakuchengetedza hupenyu, kunotsanangura zvakaita vanhu uye tsika dzavo.

Maererano naSpinoza, nyaya uye mabasa emitemo ndeyekudzidza kukanganisa kwevanhu uye hutsika mukutsvaga kutsvaka mufaro, uye mune zvaro zvinoreva chido chekuchengetedza.

Immanuel Kant, pane kudaro, akatenda kuti chinhu chikuru chezvinhu zvose chisarudzo chekuzvisarudzira, icho chikamu chekuita basa. Mutemo wake wekutanga wekutevedzera unoti: "Ita izvo iwe uye vamwe nguva dzose ucherechedza kuti kunzwisisika hakusi nzira yekuita, asi chinangwa."

Pakutanga, yakaipa inowanikwa mumunhu (egoism) ndiyo yepamusoro pezviito zvose nezvinangwa. Kuti ikwire pamusoro pacho, vanhu vanofanira kuratidza ruremekedzo rweruzhinji kune humwe hwavo uye vamwe humwe huno. Yaiva Kant uyo akazarura nyaya yemaitirwo zvishoma nekusvikika sechizivi chefilosofi chakamira kunze kwezvimwewo maitiro, zvichigadzira mafungiro ehutsika pane zvenyika, nyika uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Maitiro Emazuva Ano

Muzana remakore rechi20, maitiro seasayenzi ndiyo tsika, yakabva kune chisina chisimba nekuremekedza upenyu. Kuratidzwa kwezvakanaka kwakatanga kuonekwa kubva pamusana pokusawedzera kuipa. Kunyanya zvakanaka ichi rutivi rwemaonero ekutenda kwenyika kuburikidza ne lens yevakanaka yakazarurwa Leo Tolstoy.

Chisimba chinokonzera chisimba uye chinowedzera kutambura nekurwadziwa - ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chemaitiro aya. Akanyatsoteverawo kuna M. Gandhi, uyo aida kubudisa India pasina kushandiswa kwechisimba. Mukuona kwake, rudo ndiro chimbo chakasimba kwazvo, kuita nesimba rimwechete uye kunyatsoita semitemo inokosha yemasikirwo, somuenzaniso, masimba.

Mazuva ano, nyika dzakawanda dzakasvika pakunzwisisa kuti tsika dzekusagadzikana dzinopa migumisiro inobatsira mukugadzirisa kwekukakavadzana, kunyange zvisingagoni kudanwa kusatendeka. Ane maitiro maviri ekupikisa: kwete kubatana nekusateerera kwevanhu.

Maitiro ekutsika

Imwe yenheyo dzemazuva ano tsika dzakanaka ipfungwa yeAlbert Schweitzer - muvambi wehutsika hwekuremekedza hupenyu. Mhedziso yake yairemekedza hupenyu hwose husina kugovera iyo inobatsira, yakakwirira kana yakaderera, inokosha kana isina maturo.

Panguva imwe chete, akaziva kuti, nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu, vanhu vanogona kuchengetedza hupenyu hwavo nekubvisa mumwe munhu. Pamwoyo wefilosofi yake isarudzo yakasarudzwa yemunhu kune chinangwa chekuchengetedza hupenyu, kana mamiriro acho achibvumira, uye kwete kubviswa kusingafungi kwazviri. Nzira huru yekudzivirira zvakaipa Schweitzer yakarangarira kuzviramba, kukanganwirwa uye basa kuvanhu.

Munyika yemazuva ano, maitiro seasayenzi haatauri mitemo yekuzvibata, asi anodzidza uye anongoronga zvinowanzoenderana nemitemo, ruzivo rwakafanana rwemitemo uye kukosha kwahwo muhupenyu hwomunhu mumwe uye sangano sevanhu vose.

Pfungwa yezvetsika

Maitiro (mutsika) ishamwari yezvemagariro evanhu inoumba chinangwa chikuru chevanhu. Zvose zvinoitwa nevanhu zvinoenderana nemitemo yepamitemo inozivikanwa munharaunda yavanogara.

Zivo yemitemo yetsika nemitemo yehutano inobatsira vanhu kuti vagadzikane pakati pevamwe. Maitiro ndeyewo chiratidzo chehutoro hwemunhu nekuda kwezviito zvake.

Unhu hwakanaka uye hwemweya hunokwidzwa kubva paudiki. Kubvira pakufungidzira, nekuda kwezviito zvakarurama kune vamwe, vanova rubatsiro rwezuva nezuva uye hwezuva nezuva hwehupenyu hwevanhu, uye kuputsa kwavo kunonzi kune vanhu.

Nhau dzetsika

Sezvo tsika dzepamusoro dzichiongorora chinangwa chemitemo uye nzvimbo yaro muhupenyu hwevanhu, inogadzirisa matambudziko anotevera:

• Inotsanangura tsika dzakanaka kubva munhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwekare kare nemitemo nemitemo yakasiyana neyevanhu vemazuva ano;
• Inopa chimiro chemufambiro kubva pane maonero e "akarurama" uye "epo" akasiyana;
• Anodzidzisa vanhu maitiro ehutsika, anopa ruzivo pamusoro pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, anobatsira kuzvivandudza pachako pakusarudza iwe pachako kunzwisisa kwe "upenyu hwakarurama".

Kuvonga nesayenzi, kuongorora kwehutano hwezviito zvevanhu uye hukama hwavo hunovakwa nechinangwa chekunzwisisa, zvakanaka kana zvakaipa zvinowanikwa.

Mitemo yemitemo

Munharaunda yemazuva ano, mabasa evanhu mumatambudziko akawanda ehupenyu anonyatsobatana, naizvozvo nyaya yekutevedzera inocherechedza uye inoongorora zvayo zvakasiyana-siyana:

• Mitemo yemhuri inoita nehukama hwevanhu vari muwanano;
• Maitiro ebhizimisi - mitemo nemitemo yekuita bhizinesi;
• Makambani anoongorora hukama muboka;
• Dzidziso dzezvemapurogiramu dzinodzidzisa uye dzinoongorora maitiro evanhu kumabasa avo.

Nhasi nyika dzakawanda dzinotanga mitemo yemitemo ine chokuita nekuraira rufu, euthanasia uye kuiswa kwezvikamu zvinopa. Sezvo sangano revanhu richiri kuramba richichinja, mitemo inoshandukawo nayo.