Kuti rinobudiswa kubva marasha uye mafuta, uye kuishandisa?

Kana kuti chii rinobudiswa kubva marasha uye mafuta, kuti tinogona kusvika pakugumisa kuti yakawanda. zvicherwa mbiri idzi dzinoshandiswa sezvo huru zvinopa Mahydrocarbon. zvose kuti waongororwa.

mafuta

Mafuta ari Zvisaririra huni, dzinoratidzwa shava ruvara uye yakakwirira arambe achirema. At paro, ichi chinhu chisinganzwisisiki musanganiswa zvinhu, kunyanya, zviri zvokunwa Mahydrocarbon. On murwiyo mafuta ari naphthenic, paraffinic uye zvinonhuwirira. Zvisinei kazhinji unogona kuwana chigadzirwa zvakavhenganiswa mhando. Kunze Mahydrocarbon ari mafuta sezvamunoita rine netsvina makemikari sarufa yeimwe uye okisijeni uyewo mvura pamwe ichiputswa magnesium uye calcium yakawanda munyu.

Dziripowo uye zviri nezvishoma muchimiro ivhu uye jecha. Kana isu kutaura chii mafuta kunopfuura marasha, zviri ikoko kutaura nezvokukosha yakatsvuka zvinhu kubereka-siyana yepamusoro injini rinochiwedzera. Pashure wokunatswa mvura nezvimwe zvisingadiwi netsvina kubudiswa akaita kwakadai upfumi. Izvi kunoitika ainyanya nokuda DISTILLATION. Zvinonzi inobva musiyano nhema achibika Mahydrocarbon izvo kupinda kwayo sezvamunoita.

Ko DISTILLATION

Sezvo mafuta iri mazana siyana yeimwe, zvakawanda zviri pedyo zvakakwana dzokubikira pfungwa, kuparadzana nomunhu Mahydrocarbon kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Saka, kuparadzana namafuta ari kuitwa DISTILLATION kuva zvikamu zviduku izvo kubika pamusoro navanopinda chaizvo tembiricha siyana. At zvavo mafuta tembiricha kubudikidza DISTILLATION zvinonzi akaparadzaniswa kuva zvikamu zviduku mina: a Diesel (180-350 ° ^C), neparafini (120-315 ° ^C) peturu (30-180 ° ^C) uye mafuta mafuta ari vasara shure kurapa. Kana ukaramba kutaura chii rinobudiswa kubva marasha uye mafuta, zvinokosha kuziva kuti mumwe nomumwe yenhengo ava kunyatsotsanangura DISTILLATION inogona kukamurwa hacho kunyange zviduku. Somuenzaniso, chikamu peturu iripo peturu neEteri, ligroin uye, chaizvoizvo, peturu. zvinhu rokutanga rine wayo sezvamunoita pentane uye hexane, kwamakadarika inova rakanakisisa solvent nokuda Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye mafuta.

zvinoriumba

The peturu sezvamunoita vari unbranched zvine Mahydrocarbon kubva deans kuti pentane, cycloalkanes uye benzene. Pashure dzakakodzera kugadzira rinoshandiswa kuti motokari uye aeronautical munyika injini sezvo mafuta. Naphtha yaisanganisira vari eparafini uye Mahydrocarbon aishandiswa huni okuvimba uye kudziyisa midziyo yemagetsi kushandiswa nemhuri. Akawanda, neparafini rinoshandiswa sezvo huni zvitundumuseremusere uye kwendege.

Kana uchida kunzwisisa kuti vakawana kubva marasha uye mafuta, kureva pamusoro Refinery Diesel chakapatsanurwa, izvo kazhinji ava huni Diesel injini. The mafuta mafuta sezvamunoita unotora mukuru-Kubika Mahydrocarbon. By DISTILLATION pasi kwakaderedza nevezera mafuta chinotsva iri yemanyorero vakawana lubricating zvinangwa siyana mafuta. The Zvakasara, pashure paine huni mafuta kubudiswa anowanzoshandurwa kunzi sludge. Kubva izvi vakawana pfuma sezvo nebhitumini. zvigadzirwa izvi zvakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mune mugwagwa rokuvaka. mafuta chinotsva inowanzoshandiswa sezvo ari bhaira mafuta.

Dzimwe nzira kugadzira

Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani pane mafuta marasha, zvakafanira kuti uzive zvimwe kurapa zvavari pasi. Mafuta chinogadzirwa kuburikidza cracking walnut, kureva chafariz CATALYTIC kutendeutsa zvikamu zvaro. Cracking anogona kuva mumwe marudzi anotevera:

• Thermal. Panyaya iyi, kukamurwa Mahydrocarbon rinoitwa pasi pokudzora chakakwirira tembiricha.
• CATALYTIC. Zvisinei, zviri kuitwa panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha zvikuru tiwedzere iri akawedzera, zvichiita kuti kudzora muitiro uye vachengete nayo chero kunyanya divi.

Kana isu kutaura chii mafuta kunopfuura marasha, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vari achiumbwa munguva Cracking pamusoro unsaturated Mahydrocarbon, izvo kuwana paupamhi kushanda mune maindasitiri kwetunhu Organic zvinhu.

marasha

Kubudiswa mbishi zvinhu izvi anogadzirwa nhatu: hydrogenation, carbonization uye kukwana combustion. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo kushandisa rinokosha kwacho.

Coking kunosanganisira kuwana yakatsvuka zvinhu zviri chemubhotoro yamavira ari kudziya 1000-1200 ^{° C} pasina kuwana reokisijeni. Izvi rinobvumira yakaoma namakemikari transformations kuti Zvichaguma paumbwe chemubhotoro uye kugadzikana zvigadzirwa. Wokutanga dzaserera mamiriro rwunotumirwa emakambani ane simbi. The yainge zvigadzirwa vari dzaserera, pashure izvo vakawana amoniya mvura uye marasha tara. Kuchine vakawanda vasiri yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa zvinhu. Kana isu nezvazvo sei mafuta kunopfuura marasha, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kubva pakutanga mbishi zvinhu inotengwa zvikuru rakapera zvigadzirwa. Imwe neimwe zvinhu inoendeswa imwe kugadzirwa.

Panguva iyoyo, zvakaita kunyange kugadzirwa mafuta kubva marasha, chinopa zvikuru kukosha mafuta.