Amoniya mvura: kugadzirira, formula, shanduro

Gasi isina mvura isina kunakidza ammonia NH ₃ inongoputira zvakanaka mumvura uye kusunungurwa kwehuni. Nhengo inobatanidza neH ₂ O makomoromo nekuumbwa kwealkali isina simba. Mhinduro yacho yakagamuchira mazita mashoma, mumwe wavo - ammonia mvura. Iyo makira ine zvinhu zvinoshamisa, izvo zviri munzira yekuumba, kuumbwa uye kushandiswa kwemakemikari.

Ammonium ion formation

Iko yakagadzirirwa ammonia mvura NH NH OH. Chinhu chacho chine cation NH _{4 ⁺} , iyo inoumbwa ne-nonmetals - nitrogen uye hydrogen. Atomu N mu ammonia molecule inoshandisa 3 kubva pa5 kunze kwemagetsi ekunze kuti aumbe covalent polar bonds , uye rimwe divi rinoramba risina kuziviswa. Mune mvura yakasvibiswa yakawanda, hydrogen protoni H ⁺ yakasununguka yakasungwa kuoksijeni, mumwe wavo anova mupiro wemasikironi maviri eine nitrogen (anogamuchirwa).

Ioni yeAmmonium pamwe chete nemhosva yakanaka uye rudzi rwakashata rwehutano husina kusimba - anopa-anogamuchirwa imwe - inoumbwa. Maererano nehukuru hwayo, mutero uye zvimwe zviitiko, zvakafanana nesimbi ye potassium uye zvinofanana nesimbi yealkine. Kazhinji kemikemikari, iyo makemikari inogadzikana ne acids, mavara emarata ayo anokosha zvakakosha. Mazita ayo maitiro ehugadziro uye zvinhu zvechirwere zvinoratidzwa:

• Ammonia mvura;
• Ammonium hydroxide;
• Hydrate of ammonia;
• Acrid ammonium.

Precautions

Kuchengetedza kunofanira kutorwa pakushanda neammonia uye zvigadzirwa zvayo. Zvakakosha kuyeuka:

1. Ammonium mvura ine unhu husingafadzi. Gesi yakasunungurwa inovhiringidza hupfumi hwemukati, iyo ziso, inokonzera chifukidziro.
2. Apo ammonia inochengetwa muammonia mumabhodhoro akavharwa zvakasimba, mabhubu anobudisa ammonia.
3. Inogona kuonekwa isina zvigadzirwa, chete nekunhuhwirira, kunyange nekawandisa gasi muchinetso nemhepo.
4. Chiyero pakati pemamorekemu uye mitsara mumhinduro inoparadzaniswa pH yakasiyana.
5. Pakukosha kweanomwe, huwandu hwenzvimbo inokonzera NH ₃ inoderedza, kukosha kweHN ₄ ^{+ kushandiswa} kusingakuvadzi kune zvipenyu zvinowedzera

Kugadzirira ammonium hydroxide. Physical properties

Apo ammonia inopedzwa mumvura, mvura inonzi ammonia inoumbwa. Nzira yeiyo chinhu NH NH OH, asi chaizvoizvo kune imwecheteyo ions

NH ₄ ⁺ , OH ^- , NH ₃ uye H ₂ O mamolekemu Mukati chemakemikari anoita ion kushandura pakati peammonia nemvura, nyika yekufananidza inosimbiswa. Iyo nzira inogona kuratidzirwa nenzira yesarudzo iyo inopikisana nemiseve inoratidza kuratidzika kwezvinhu zvinoshamisa.

Mu laboratori, kugadzirwa kweammonia mvura inowanikwa mukuedzwa ne nitrogen-ine zvinhu. Pakuvhenganisa ammonia nemvura, mvura yakachena, isina kuchena inowanikwa. Pakushamwaridzana kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwemhepo kunowedzera. Mvura inopera ammonia yakawanda inoputika mukati maro kana kutonhora kuchikwira. Kune zvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi uye zvekurima kune imwe nzvimbo yemabhizimisi, 25 muzana yezvinhu zvinowanikwa mukuparadzwa kweammonia. Chechipiri nzira inosanganisira kushandiswa kwekuita gorovhini yevhisi yekoke nemvura.

Makemikari yemammonium hydroxide

Pakubatana, zviviri zvinwiwa - ammonia mvura uye hydrochloric acid - yakafukidzwa nemakore emucheka utsi. Iyo inoumbwa nezvikamu zveaiti zvinogadzirwa - ammonium chloride. Nechinhu chinokanganisa chakadai sehydrochloric acid, zvinopinda zvinowanikwa zvakananga mumhepo.

Yakakosha alkaline makemikari yemammonia hydrate:

1. Izvo zvinhu zvinoshandura zvinoparadzanisa mumvura kugadzira cation ammonium uye ion hydroxide ion.
2. Pamberi peNH ₄ ⁺ ion, muto usingakanganisi we phenolphthalein inotarisa mutsvuku, sezvakanyorwa mumaraki.
3. Iyo ikemikari inoitwa neutralization ne acids inotungamirira pakuumbwa kweammonium nemvura salt: NH ₄ OH + HCl = NH ₄ Cl + H ₂ O.
4. Ammoniacal mvura inopinda maitiro echitsinhanisi nematare esimbi, ayo mabhodhoro asina simba anowirirana, achiumba mvura isina kushandiswa hydroxide: 2NH ₄ OH + CuCl ₂ = 2NH ₄ Cl + Cu (OH) ₂ (blue precipitate) _.

Ammonia mvura: kushanda mumatavi akasiyana ehupfumi

Chinhu chisingawanzoshandiswa chinowanzoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, zvekurima, mushonga, indasitiri. Technical ammonia hydrate inoshandiswa mune zvekurima, kugadzirwa kwe soda ash, dyes nemimwe michina. Mune manyowa emvura, nitrogen inowanikwa mune chimiro chiri nyore nyore kufanana nezvirimwa. Iyo chinhu inonzi inoshandiswa uye inonyanya kushandiswa pakushandiswa munguva yekuchengetedza kwezvirimwa zvose.

Kubudiswa kweammonia mvura inowedzera katatu mari shoma pane yekugadzirwa kwakasimba granular nitrogen fertilizer. Kuchengetedza uye kutakura iyo mvura, yakasimbiswa yakavharidzirwa matanki esimbi inoshandiswa. Mamwe mavara emapuranga uye mabvudzi ekudzivirira bvudzi anoshandiswa achishandisa caustic ammonium. Munharaunda yega yega yezvehutano kune zvigadziriswa neammonia doro - 10-percent solution ye ammonia.

Ammonium salts: dzimba uye zvakakosha

Izvo zvinhu zvinowanikwa nekubatana kweammonium hydroxide ne acids zvinoshandiswa mumabasa emari. Ma salt anokonzera kupisa, kupera mumvura, inotapurirwa hydrolysis. Vanopinda mumakemikari kushandiswa nea alkalis uye zvimwe zvinhu. Chinyanya kukosha chinokosha chakakonzerwa nema chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, phosphates uye ammonium carbonates.

Zvakakosha kuchengeta mitemo uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvirongwa, kushanda nezvinhu zvinenge ion amonium ion. Kana ichichengetwa muzvivigiro zvemabhizimisi uye zvekurima mabhizinesi, mumapurazi mashoma haafaniri kutarisana nemakemikisi akadaro neakisi uye alkalis. Kana kukanganisa kwepaketani kuchiputsika, kamu chemikirwo inotanga nekusunungurwa kwemhepo inotyisa. Munhu wose anoshanda neammonia mvura nemarita ayo anofanira kuziva zvinyorwa zvemakemikari. Kana zvakachengetedzwa zvinoda kutevedzwa, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa hazvizokuvadza vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza.