Kushivirira uye zvakafanira muna zvokuimba ouinjiniya

Metrology - sayenzi yakayerwa, zvinoreva uye nzira nechokwadi kubatana kwavo, uyewo nzira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvakarurama. chinhu Its ndiko kuparadzana quantitative ruzivo pamusoro chinhu parameters pamwe akafanorongerwa zvakarurama uye zvakarurama. The pamutemo framework kuti metrology - zvinodiwa. Munyaya ino tichakurukura negadziriro tolerances uye kufufutirwa, chinova-chikamu dzesub sayenzi iyi.

Pfungwa zvakafanana zvikamu

Mazuva miti nematarakita anofamba, motokari, muchina maturusi nezvimwe michina haana kugadzirwa anokwana zviyero uye vevane gumi, uye mazana uye kunyange zviuru. Mavhoriyamu okuwana kwakadaro zvakakosha kuti mumwe kugadzirwa chikamu kana gungano paungano chaizvo wakanyatsokodzera chigaro chake pasina zvimwe pombi adaptations. Avhiyiwa zvakadaro nguva yakawanda zvikuru, zvinodhura uye nguva yakawanda kuti mukanyiwa kugadzirwa haabvumirwi. No kukosha ndechokuti zvikamu kusvika pagungano, kubvumira yokutsiva vamwe vakawanda-chinangwa navo, pasina rusaruro nokushanda ose apera muchina. zvakafanana kwakadaro nezvikamu, magungano uye nzira inonzi kubatana. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo nguva iri engineering, hunobvumira kuti aponese kwete chete chikamu inodhura iri pamasikiro uye kugadzirwa mashoko, asi nguva kugadzirwa mukuwedzera,, nyore kugadzirisa chikwata somugumisiro huchishanda. Zvakafanana - iri pfuma pamagungano uye zvigadziriswe kuitika yavo zvigadzirwa pasina risati kusarudzwa uye mabasa ayo zvinokosha kushanda, maererano chete michina nokurondedzerwa.

kuberekesana zvikamu

zvikamu zviviri, wakaiswa kana chinjwa interconnected, kuberekesana runhare. A kukosha iro panaakabatanidzwa pamwechete inowanzodeedzwa vachiwirirana saizi. Somuenzaniso, mumakomba ari chisimudziso dhayamita uye runoenzanirana dhayamita yacho mugodhi. The chamunowana risina kubatana, kazhinji unonzi akasununguka saizi. Somuenzaniso, chokunze dhayamita yacho chisimudziso. Kuti nechokwadi zvakafanana zvikamu vachiwirirana kukosha inofanira kugara chaiyo kuurayiwa. Zvisinei, kurapwa ichi kwakaoma chaizvo uye kakawanda seisingashandi. Saka, muna magadzirirwo zvinoshanda muitiro achigadzirira kuchinjaniswa zvikamu kana pakubata anonzi anofungidzirwa rwakatwasuka. It iri chokwadi kuti zvakasiyana anodawo mamiriro kana zvikamu rinotsanangura kubvumirawo zvimwe hukuru hwavo, kuti kubvumira hwakakwana kushanda zvikamu izvi vari chikwata. padding kwakadaro, rakagadzirirwa dzakasiyana-siyana kushanda ezvinhu, yakavakwa neumwe akafanorongerwa muenzaniso, ayo zita - ". rakabatana mamiriro tolerances uye kufufutirwa"

Pfungwa shiviriro. mamirire tsika

Akaverenga date zvinhu kusvitsa ari mufananidzo, iro Countdown zvarakasiya dzinonzi chezita saizi. Kazhinji, ukoshi ichi runoratidzwa rose millimeters. Size mashoko chaizvoizvo yaunganidzwa kubudiswa anonzi musoro. Values pakati neeSultan izvi, parameter ichi anonzi muganhu. Ava, kufadza sarudzo - ndicho chikuru kukura muganhu, uye shoma - mudukusa. Kutsauka - musiyano aizviti kukosha uye zviratidzo zvinoendesa kune nhengo. Munguva vanodhirowa, parameter iyi kazhinji runotaurwa mu kusanganiswa muchimiro panguva aizviti mari (yokumusoro muganhu inotaurwa kumusoro, uye rezasi - pazasi).

Example Entries

Kana nhamba yakaiswa kuti _-0,1 ^+0.15 40, ikoku kunoreva kuti aizviti kukura chikamu - 40 neMM, kunonyanyisa Pamuganhu - 0,15, rakadzika - -0,1. Musiyano aizviti uye kunonyanyisa muganhu ukoshi anonzi rokumusoro kutsauka, uye pakati shoma - rezasi. It nyore pakutsvaga chaiwo tsika. Kubva mumuenzaniso uyu zvinoreva kuti kufadza muganhu mutengo akaenzana 40 + 0.15 = 40.15 mm uye duku: 40-0,1 = 39.9 mm. Kusiyana duku uye kupfuura saizi muganhu inonzi shiviriro. Rinowanikwa sezvinotevera: 40,15-39,9 = 0.25 mm.

Makwanza uye makakatanwa nhengo

Funga muenzaniso chaiwo, apo tolerances uye kufanira ndivo kiyi. Ngatitii kuti tinofanira kupatsanura pamwe pakazaruka 40 ^+0.1 kupararira pasi mugodhi Sizes 40 ^-0.1 _-0.2. It kunooneka ezvinhu kuti embodiments zvose, kuti dhayamita richava shoma pane gomba, uye saka kana remubatanidzwa yakadaro kunodiwa kuitika pakakoromoka. Nyika ino inonzi Mobile, t. To. The mugodhi achava tenderera takasununguka muna buri. Kana ukuru zvinhu 40 zvichava _{^{+0,2 +0,15,}} ipapo pasi chero chirwere ichava buri hombe dhayamita. Panyaya iyi, nomubato anofanira embed uye chipingaidzo ichibudira mumoyo mukomboni.

zvakawanikwa

Zvinotevera mhedziso ingatorwa pamusoro mienzaniso:

• Pakakoromoka ndiwo musiyano pakati chaiko kukura nomubato uye mawindo kana ekupedzisira vari kupfuura repakutanga. With ikoku, zvinhu kuti tenderera zvakasununguka.
• Chipingaidzo anonzi musiyano chaiwo wetsime uye mugodhi kana ekupedzisira mukuru kupfuura kutanga. With ikoku zvikamu zviri chakatsindirwa.

Kumhara uye zvakarurama makirasi

Landings akakamurwa wakaiswa (kupisa zvenzara, legkopressovaya, mikukutu, zvakasimba, zvakasimba, zvakasimba) uye Mobile (zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope, kumhanya, kufamba, legkohodovaya, shirokohodovaya). In zvokuimba engineering chiridzwa kugadzira, pane zvimwe mitemo inodzora tolerances uye landings. GOST anopa vamwe zvakarurama makirasi iri kugadzirwa yenhengo vachishandisa predefined zvarakasiya ukuru. Kubva ruzivo tinoziva kuti mashoko mugwagwa uye motokari okurima pasina zvakaipa kushanda kwavo kunogona kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvishoma zvakarurama kupfuura lathes, zvishandiso, motokari. Nezvenyaya iyi, tolerances uye landings mu ouinjiniya dzakasiyana zvakarurama makirasi gumi. The kupfuura yakarurama iyo - wokutanga shanu: 1, 2, 2a, 3, 3a; anotevera maviri vari svikiro zvakarurama 4 uye 5; uye vokupedzisira matatu zvakakomba: 7, 8, 9.

Kuti tione izvo kirasi zvakarurama vanofanira kubereka zvakadzama kuswedera pedyo tsamba, kureva nyika, akaisa mufananidzo inotaridza ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, C4 chokuguma zvinoreva kuti mhando rinopfungaira, kirasi 4 th; X3 - rudzi unotii, boka rechitatu. digitaalinen signage nokuti landings ose kirasi yechipiri haina kuisa, nokuti chinonyanya kwakapararira. Get kwemashoko akazara pamusoro parameter ichi kunogona maviri mavhoriyumu bhuku "Tolerances uye kumhara '(Myagkov V. D., 1982 yakabudiswa).

mugodhi maitiro uye mawindo

Kushivirira uye kumhara kazhinji sechinhu maviri hurongwa: gomba uye mugodhi. Wokutanga kunoratidzwa yokuti mairi marudzi ose rimwe dhigirii zvakarurama uye mukirasi muri zvakafanana chezita dhayamita. Makomba vane kuramba tsika tolerances. A siyana vakasimwa gadziriro yakadaro iri kuwanikwa anochinja vakaomerwa mugodhi Kutsauka.

Wechipiri izvi kunoratidzwa ndechokuti mhando dzose rimwe dhigirii zvakarurama uye mukirasi muri zvakafanana chezita dhayamita. Nomubato ane dzose ukoshi tolerances. A-siyana landings ari pave nokuchinja zvinokosheswa tolerances ose maburi. Makomba pamusoro hurongwa vanodhirowa kazhinji runotaurwa tsamba A, nomubato - tsamba V. Pedyo tsamba akaisa chiratidzo zvakarurama mukirasi.

mienzaniso notation

Kana nhamba yakaratidza "30A3", saka zvinoreva kuti chinhu pasi kufunga zvakafanira kuti ribude wechitatu-kirasi zvakarurama buri hurongwa, kana kunoratidzwa se "30a", ipapo chete hurongwa, asi kirasi yechipiri. Kana kushivirira uye landings dzinoitwa pachishandiswa nomubato, zvakakodzera kutaridzwa mhando iri aizviti kukura. Somuenzaniso, chinhu akanzi "30V3" unoenderana kubudiswa mukirasi chetatu rakarurama mugodhi hurongwa.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi, M. A. Paley ( "Tolerances uye kumhara") rinotsanangura kuti mumakomba ouinjiniya musimboti rinoshandiswa kakawanda kupfuura mugodhi. Izvi imhaka yokuti kunoda tooling kudhura uye zvokushandisa. Somuenzaniso, kurapa kupiwa chezita dzikapupurira dhayamita ino nokuda plantings zvose kirasi iyi zvinoda chete Ongororo rimwe, nokuti dhayamita - mumwe muganhu chimiso. Kana mugodhi gadziriro kuitira kuti kumhara nomumwe mukati kirasi iyoyo vaida yoga Ongororo uye vakaparadzana chubhu.

Tolerances uye kumhara: tafura zvarakasiya

Kuziva uye kusarudza zvakarurama zvidzidzo vaishandisa mabhuku anokosha. Saka, tolerances uye kumhara (tafura muenzaniso kuratidzwa pepa rino) kazhinji akanyatsojeka diki zvakawanda. Kuti varege kunyora mamwe zeros avo mumabhuku zvavari akasarudzwa muna micrometers (thousandths ane millimeter). Imwe micron anoenderana 0,001 mm. Kazhinji iri shongwe patafura iyi yokutanga anoratidza chezita diameters, uye wechipiri - kuvhura kutsauka. Other mbiru kupa tsika dzakasiyana-siyana aifamba landings dzavo zvarakasiya. "Plus" chiratidzo pedyo ukoshi ichi kunoratidza kuti anofanira kuwedzerwa kuna chezita divi, "kubvisa" chiratidzo - kuti zvakafanira kuti bvisa.

shinda

Kushivirira uye Fit Threaded kwokubatana vanofanira kufunga chokwadi chokuti shinda kunoperekedzwa chete Profile vemapato, zvagara kungava chete mhute nokuidzivirira mhando. Naizvozvo, mukuru parameter iyo anosarudza yezvakaita zvarakasiya, - ichi avhareji dhayamita. Kushivirira uye kumhara pamusoro kwokunze uye munyika dhayamita yakaiswa kuitira kubvisa zvachose zvichiita kusunga pakati dzegirini uye misoro neshinda. Zvikanganiso kuderedza wokunze kukura uye yomukati kuwedzera nokukura haazochinji muitiro screwing. Zvisinei, zvarakasiya mu shinda danho uye Profile angled kukonzera jamming pamusoro fastener.

The tolerances of shinda ane Clearance

Zvinonyanyozivikanwa ari kubvuma uye nokusazvibata ukamubvundisa. In dzakadaro yeimwe Zvichakadaro chezita dhayamita akaenzana kumukuru avhareji pamwero mukuru nati shinda. Zvarakasiya akatorwa kuverenga kubva mutsetse perpendicular kuti akabatana ari shinda profile. Zvinonzi kunorondedzerwa GOST 16093-81. The tolerances nokuti dhayamita pamusoro neshinda nzungu uye nemabhaudhi vanotumirwa zvichienderana zvinodiwa dhigirii zvakarurama (akasarudzwa nhamba). Chakagamuchirwa inotevera munhevedzano tsika parameter ichi: D1 = 4, 6, 8; q2 = 4, 6, 7, 8; D1 = 4, 6, 7, 8; A2 = 4, 5, 6, 7. tolerances hadzina yakasimbiswa kwavari. Accommodation Minda shinda dhayamita hama kuti aizviti Profile kunobatsira kuona huru zvarakasiya: rokumusoro kunze nekiyi uye ezasi netsika kuti pezviri variables nzungu. parameters ava zvakananga novimba yakarurama uye kukwirira kwenzwi vadyi.

Tolerances, kumhara uye michina zvokuyera

Nokuti kugadzirwa kubudiswa mashoko uye nzira chete yakatarwa parameters Turner zvakakodzera kushandisa siyana tambo zviridzwa. Kazhinji kutsauka kuyerwa uye ongororo zvibereko hukuru kushandisa mutongi, callipers uye callipers. For kuyerwa neyakarurama - .. Calipers, micrometers, gauges, etc. chii lineup, vose vanoziva, saka isu hatingazvirumbidzi kugara mairi.

Calipers - uri nyore mudziyo yokuyeresa pamusoro chokunze hukuru pamusoro workpieces. Inoitwa peya curved makumbo pivot akatasva chete akabatana. Kuchiripo chitubu mhando caliper, izvozvo akaratidza kuti zvaida kukura uchishandisa screws uye nzungu. Akadaro chokushandisa zvishoma yamunenge nyore, t. To. Anoramba akafanorongerwa chitsama.

Nutromer zvakagadzirirwa kuvasunungura zvinorwisana zvokuyera. Kazhinji kwakajairika uye chitubu mhando. The midziyo ine mudziyo uyu zvakafanana caliper. Rakarurama chiridzwa ndiyo 0.25 mm.

Caliper - a kunyatsoenderana chokushandisa. Vanogona kuyera vaviri kwokunze uye dzimwe hukawanika ose workpieces. Turner kana kushanda ari lathe uchishandisa caliper kuyerwa zvakadzama kuti rokubvisa kana boning zvigaro. Izvi tambo Chishandiso ine tsvimbo ne graduations uye sechipanji, uye kukura kwebasa chechipiri vachipiwa shaya. Tiine sikuruwa puranga yavharwa patsvimbo iri kutsvakwa nzvimbo. Kuyerwa rakarurama 0.02 mm.

SHTANGENGLUBINOMER - mudziyo iri rakagadzirirwa kuyera kudzika grooves uye pakadzika. Mukuwedzera, chishandiso unokubvumira kuona zvakarurama chinzvimbo nemabhenji pamwe nokureba nomubato. The umhare mudziyo uyu zvakafanana caliper.

Micrometers kureva zvakarurama kuona dhayamita, ukobvu uye kureba workpiece. Anopa Countdown kusvika padyo 0.01 mm. The akayera chinhu hwakarongwa pakati micrometer sikuruu uye yakamisirwa chitsitsinho, kuzvidzora rinoitwa nevanhu kutenderera ari dhiramu.

Nutromery kushumira yokuyeresa yakarurama pezviri hukawanika. Kune vari wakaiswa uye zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope namano. Ezvemutauro ava tsvimbo ne kuyera bhora mazano. Daro pakati pavo rinoenderana dhayamita kunorondedzerwa buri. Range kuyerwa Nutromer kunobvumirwa 54-63 neMM, kana zvakawanda misoro zvinogona pakutsvaga dhayamita uye 1500 mm.