History of nhamba razero. Chii nhamba 0?

Kudiwa kuverengwa rakava pachena kuti munhu kubva pakutanga paumbwe chinyakare muvanhu. Dzavo kusanganiswa enyika, pamwe zvakananga bhuku sezviverengo, yakaumbwa muna zvose nokwenzvimbo nzvimbo yebudiriro muIjipiti uye muBhabhironi rekare, China neIndia, uye South America maIndia muGirisi yekare. Masvomhu kwakasimbiswa kubva nyore kuverenga zvinhu kugadzirisa zvakaoma dzidziso topology. Panyaya iyi, nyaya razero ane chete duku kesimba iyi.

Numbers nenhamba

Kubva nullis Latin ( "kwete") aiva shoko rimwe inokosha kwemasvomhu pfungwa. Zvinosanganisira kwete chete chiratidzo - dimikira kuti zvinobatsira zvibodzwa, rekodhi kwemasvomhu kushandiswa. Izvi pfungwa yose. Pasina chero mari, kusaziva, mavambo magumo - mafungiro youzivi izvi pfungwa dzakasiyana mune eras siyana, akasiyana hurongwa maonero.

Positional nhamba hurongwa

In prehistoric nguva, calculus rubatsiro chengeta minwe nezvigunwe. Divide nhamba fives uye vevane gumi, kwakabva grade nhamba gadziriro iri chokuita izvi. Mune ramangwana, kuitira kuti kugarwa akavhiyiwa izvi, ari kosi vaiva nicks huni uye mhuka mapfupa, serifs pamusoro pamabwe, hurungudo. anoshongwa nezvimwe zvinhu zviduku. Nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana zvakadai chinomiririra yakananga nhamba. Similar hunhu ndivo anobatsira zvikuru kusanganiswa yokutevedzera. Kwakadaro hurongwa dzinonzi positional - ukoshi nhamba paainyora nhamba anofananidzira nechinzvimbo chavo kana kubuda.

Muenzaniso zvakasiyana, uye achiri kushandiswa Hurongwa inzira nhamba kunyora aburuka kubva panguva Rome yekare. Mariri kunan'anura zviyero, makumi ezviuru, mazana vakashandisa tsamba earufabheti Latin.

Mushosho

Odhita Board, iine Nomumakomba zvakafanana dzimwe nzvimbo, umo vanoiswa hurungudo kana marozari, rakajairika kune tsika vemarudzi akasiyana uye epochs. Kune dzimwe akasiyana abaca - mukaro pamwe change kana netambo pamwe marozari. Akatevera Danho kukura kwakadaro namano kuva vakawanda akashandiswa kusati kwatombova Converter.

History of nhamba razero - ndiwo muitiro womunhu inotungamirwa kwemasvomhu pfungwa uye kutanga kushandiswa chiratidzo, zvichiratidza nayo. Zvino Mushosho, uye vakawanda vari, mupfungwa yakati, uye inzira Visualization kuti nhamba dzakatevedzana. Empty nzvimbo iri runoenzanirana rusesi kana asipo goona kuita husingaoneki pfungwa razero nhoroondo yakajeka. Chiratidzo zvinoreva kutanga aonekwa mathematicians rekare Bhabhironi uye nyanzvi.

Bhabhironi anoshayiwa Chiratidzo

Mubudiriro, akaberekwa pakati rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi, rakagamuchirwa imwe nhamba ezvinhu nhaka kubva sevaSumer vekare. Zvakanga positional - ukoshi nhamba kuvimba chinzvimbo mune ukama nedzimwe nhamba. Rakagadzirirwa 4-5 zviuru zvemakore BC. e., yakanga yakavakwa pamusoro nhamba 60. The masvomhu kushandiswa reBhabhironi rekare nyanzvi uye mainjiniya takatarira zvikuru saka kura uye kugadzikana. Kuti abudirire kubata nhamba, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti nemusoro kana kuchengeta pamberi pameso chokuwanziridza nenhamba zvose kubva 1 kusvika 60.

Digital razero kana chiratidzo, kuratidza munhu akagamuchira vaBhabhironi zvinoerera akazviratidza sezvo vaviri yakatarwa angled achikanganisa kana museve. chiratidzo ichi zvave chinokosha uye havana kubatanidzwa svomhu akavhiyiwa - kuwedzera kana kuwandisa naro haana.

mhiri kwemakungwa razero

Zvisinei mathematicians enyu Mesopotamia Zero sezvaari maIndia Central America - Maya uye vaInca. Common zvose nhamba hurongwa aiva kuti havana kuva pfungwa razero sezvo nhamba.

Drevneamerikanskaya budiriro asiya nyika yakawanda kubudirira mune njere bhora. Complex Vachishandisa karenda maitiro uye vaInca - mugumisiro emakore akawanda muchadenga zvaanorumbidza uye zvakaoma masvomhu. Asi kwete equations dzavo, nhamba razero asipo sezvo vakawanda nekufemera pamusana kwemasvomhu kushandiswa.

zvenhaka Kutarira

The chikuru nhaka echiGiriki mathematicians vekare vaiva vavo kubudirira mune geometry uye zvenyeredzi. Numbers mu mharidzo yavo - ndivo zvikamu kuti ane paakatangira, kuguma uye akafanorongerwa urefu. Zero - nhamba kuti havasi rinowanika iyi, kubatsira. Chidimbu chete razero yakareba masvomhu dzekare uye uzivi hazvina musoro.

Chimwe chikuru zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzidziso dzaAristotle mutsara Natura abhorret Vacuum - "Nature anovenga munhu Vacuum." Infinity, chinhu, asiri kuvapo - Mapato aya kufanira kupinda zvakasikwa yekare. Saka, mazuva zvinoreva mubvunzo "chii nhamba iri 0" haana kuitwa kuti Archimedes, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras kana Euclid, kunyange akafanana razero chiratidzo inowanikwa matafura nyanzvi huru Ptolemy. Letter "Omicron" (tsamba yokutanga mushoko οὐδέν - "hapana"), achizovoneswa ari mumasero chinhu.

Kumusha razero - India

mathematicians chii Indian kutanga? Mahavira (850), Brahmagupta (1114), Aryabhata (476) - munyori bhuku, iyo zvikuru akatora chimiro yazvino mamiriro nhamba kunyora uye mirayiro inokosha svomhu kwacho. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti grade hurongwa kwave akakweretwa kubva Chinese maIndia, uye mhando nzvimbo yaro - kubva vaBhabhironi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zero chiratidzo vakanga akakweretwa nokuda maIndia basa Ptolemy.

Wokutanga yemasvomhu uyo akagadzira zvakakwana kusanganiswa gadziriro, riri uchakakwana uye kushanda chikamu chikuru vanhu, akanga Mohammed Bin Musa Khwarizmi (787-850), aigara Baghdad. In ake "Book of Indian nhoroondo" pfumbamwe sezviverengo Arabic zvinorondedzerwa zvakadzama uye kupindura mubvunzo: "Ko uwandu 0?" Taurai razero mubhuku rino anonzi yokutanga. shanduro yechiLatin basa iri, yava kuzivikanwa muEurope muna XII remakore uye nheyo chiparadzirwe okumabvazuva kwemasvomhu ruzivo.

Kusiyana vokuEurope, imwe zvisingaperi vazivi okumabvazuva evoked nokutya. Naizvozvo, zero iri equations pakati Indian masayendisiti ekare asina chete kuva chiratidzo mukuru kushaya vezvikwata zviri runoenzanirana mwero asiwo dzinongoitika nhamba, zvichiita mugumisiro dzemaitirwe. Kuwedzera zero, zviwande kubudikidza 0 - izvi zvose rwakawana kukosha chinangwa. kwemasvomhu kushandiswa.

Hazvibetseri nhamba kunyora kubva 1 kusvika 0 akawana kwokupedzisira chitarisiko uyewo nemhaka yekare Indian kwemasvomhu akadhindwa, uye vatambi, chii chinonzi muchiArabic muEurope, navaArabhu rinonzi Indian.

Nhoroondo "razero" nhamba zvinoratidzwa Mabviro ezwi chikuru kwemasvomhu mazwi. Shoko "mufananidzo" rine midzi Arabic uye rinobva pashoko "al-Sifre," izvo zvinoreva kuti "chinhu, razero." Chirungu "razero" "marshmallow" vaguely yakafanana - mhepo inobva mabvazuva - zviri kuMabvazuva kusvikira Europe akauya finalization, musoro uye zvakakunakira nhamba gadziriro.

Arabic sezviverengo mu Europe

Rimwe chikuru vatsigiri reArab European digitaalinen hurongwa aiva akakurumbira Italian yemasvomhu Leonardo Fibonacci. basa rake "Liber Abaci" (1202) akatanga European masayendisiti pamwe zviratidzo uye mitemo iyo navaArabhu kunyora kwemasvomhu kushandiswa. kurerukirwa wokutanga uye rationality yokumabvazuva kwemasvomhu muenzaniso vakaonga nevaya vakajaira nezuva kurapwa pamwe nhamba - vokubhengi uye vatengesi. Vakakurumidza nevamwe Arab vatengesi rinosvika maitiro uye kunyora nhamba. Asi tsika sayenzi mu Europe ruzivo urwu vari zvakasimba chete kuburikidza 4th remakore, kutsiva kuitwa mathematicians rekare hurongwa European.

It awana kukosha pakatanga imwe razero mukushandisa esayenzi rectangular rinoronga ezvinhu, wakatangwa muna XVII remakore Rene Descartes. Zero unongoda pakati, kukosha ndakawana zvinoonekwa nemaziso zvinonzwisisika bhuku achitandadza namasanhu matatu.

In Russia akatanga razero mune uchidzidzira kuitwa Leontiya Magnitskogo, yakakurumbira munyori bhuku "svomhu, ndiko kuti sayenzi nhamba" (1703).

ehupfumi Zero

Zero, iyo demarcates zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa nhamba, ane nemamwe kwemasvomhu ehupfumi. It is kunyange nhamba, kwete integer ane chiratidzo akanaka. Kuwedzera uye kubvisa pamwe razero razero asingadi kukanganisa nhamba muwande kubudikidza 0 anopa razero. Division ne razero kunoonekwa sechinhu maturo kuvhiyiwa, izvo nyaya kuurayiwa anogona kukuvadza chinokosha kuti wemuTesitamende purogiramu yekombiyuta.

Zvaiita vachiedza kugovera 0 akaratidza kuva akundikana pfungwa yekombiyuta iri US Navy ngarawa "Yorktown", iro kwakaitika kuwa 1997 uye kwakakonzera kunze komutemo shutdown yacho propulsion hurongwa. Zvisiri chokuita nhamba, zvichireva "hapana", akaita warship simba vasingabatsiri mira chipfuro.

Kukosha nhamba iri yekudyidzana kwakawedzera pamwe kukura nesayenzi. Zero rinowanikwa muzvinhu kwete chete evasingatombonamati akarongeka. Kunzwa pachikumbaridzo mu acoustics anova 0. Ndeupi nhamba iri pakutanga kutambudzwa zvizhinji tambo mano, inozikamwa wechikoro: 0 pamusoro Celsius - nechando chemvura pfungwa mvura, kutanga kuverenga Longitude - zero Meridian nezvakadaro ..

Binary nhamba, waimira sehwaro pakusika ano kadambari mano chinhu positional nhamba hurongwa pamwe chawo maviri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mashoko ose wakapinda yekombiyuta, vari encoded ne mubatanidzwa vaviri kutaurwa - mumwe uye razero.

Basa iri ano nyika makombiyuta zvava mubvunzo kuti zvose zvatinoita muupenyu, uye naizvozvo, nhoroondo nhamba zero, pasina iro chitarisiko chavo vangadai zvisingabviri, anoenderera.