Evolution mu zvipenyu - nhoroondo ...

Nhoroondo Kugadzirwa mhuka kunoitika maererano mimwe mitemo, uye kunoratidzwa dzakaunganidzwa nomumwe zvinhu. Biology kubudirira mune yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19 semupi precondition kuti nokuumba sayenzi itsva - shanduka zvipenyu. Iye pakarepo akava akakurumbira. Uye zvinoratidza kuti dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka mune zvipenyu - zviri deterministic uye kusingarapiki basa pave nomumwe kwemarudzi uye rose nenharaunda - vanhu. It unowanikwa biosphere kwePasi, zvichiita zvose waro deko. Nyaya ino ichanyanya sei kudzidza pfungwa zvipenyu uye shanduka zvinhu.

History of shanduka maonero okukura

Sayenzi vakapfuura nzira inotungamirwa pfungwa ouzivi pamusoro zvigadziriswe akashandurwa chimiro redu yakaoma. Hwakatanga pfungwa zvakasikwa dzinoratidzwa C. Linnaeus, Cuvier, Charles Layeleem. The shanduka pfungwa yokutanga chaipiwa nokuda French musayendisiti Lamarck wake "Uzivi pamusoro Zoologie". Chirungu aiongorora Charlz Darvin wokutanga zvesayenzi yakati kuti dzidziso iri zvipenyu - iri muitiro yakavakirwa magene kushanduka uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Its chinoita kurwira kuvapo.

Darwin aidavira kuti chitarisiko dzamarudzi kuchinja kwemarudzi mugumisiro kwadzakabva dzavo dzose nokuchinja zvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Kurwira kuvapo, maererano musayendisiti, muviri chine ukama kwezvakatipoteredza. Uye chikonzero chacho uvete mukutsvaga zvipenyu zviri kuwedzera nhamba dzavo uye vawedzere nzvimbo. All izvi zvinhu uye zvinosanganisira shanduka. Biology, Grade 9 vakambodzidza mukirasi, achifunga magene kushanduka uye zvakasikwa vakasarudzwa pezvakaitwa mu "shanduka dzidziso".

Chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa kukura makemikari nyika

Mumakore upenyu Charles Darwin pfungwa dzake kunge vanotsigira dzinoverengeka inozivikanwa nyanzvi dzakaita F. Jenkin uye Mr. Spencer. Muzana remakore rechi20, nokuda nokukurumidza magene pakutsvakurudza uye postulating mitemo yedzinza Mendel zvakakwanisika kusika chakaita zvokugadzirwa pfungwa yemhindumupindu. Muzvinyorwa vake akarondedzera zvakadai masayendisiti akakurumbira sezvo S. Chetverikov D. Haldane uye C. Reid. Vaiti dzidziso iri zvipenyu - the Chiitiko pamusoro zvipenyu mberi, chine chimiro aromorphoses, idioadaptatsy kukanganisa nevanhu dzakasiyana marudzi.

Maererano pfungwa iyi, zvinhu zviri shanduka upenyu mafungu, magene vasakukurwa uye voga. Vanoumba nhoroondo kukura zvakasikwa zvinoonekwa pezvakaitwa akadai speciation, macroevolution uye microevolution. The pamusoro maonero kwesayenzi inogona achimiririrwa summation nezivo pamusoro kunotouraya, izvo mune magene kushanduka. Uyewo nepfungwa vokuparidzira, somunhu STRUCTURAL chairema nhau kukura mhando.

Chii shanduka kwezvakatipoteredza?

Izwi iri raireva biogeocenotic pamwero sangano mhuka. It kunoitika microevolution pezvakaitwa kukanganisa nevanhu rimwe chete rudzi. Somugumisiro, zvinokwanisika kuti kwaita subspecies itsva uye mhuka. Pano, pane pezvakaitwa kuti tipedzisire chimiro taxa - genera, mhuri uye makirasi. Ndevenyu macroevolution. Vernadsky tsvakurudzo kuratidza hwepedyo vose kwevari sangano nyaya kurarama biosphere, kusimbisa chokwadi chokuti biogeocoenosis - ndiye hwaiitwa shanduka kwendangariro.

Yopisa, kureva, hwega mararamiro, umo mune zvakasiyana-siyana nevanhu mumakirasi zhinji, kuchinja nokuda coherent shanduka. Species pamusoro Biogeocenoses izvi yakagadzikana inonzi tsenofilnymi. Uye kusagadzikana ezvinhu enyika ino, pane incoherent shanduka pakati mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa mapurasitiki, vanonzi tsenofobnyh mhuka. Kutama mhuka dzakasiyana nevanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi vachinje Gene madziva nokuputsa kakawanda panowanikwa majini siyana. Saka anoti bhayoroji ano. Kushanduka pasi makemikari nyika, iyo ichakurukurwa nesu pazasi, rinosimbisa chokwadi ichi.

Zvokukura kugadzira hunhu

Nyanzvi dzakadai S. Razumovsky uye V. Krasilov akaratidza kuti mwero shanduka chaicho hunhu pakukura riri gogonera. Vanononoka uye akapotsa imperceptible kuchinja mudanga Biogeocenoses. Vari zvikuru nokukurumidza munguva yatinenge zvezvakatipoteredza nematambudziko .. Man-akaita njodzi, kubvunda mazitombo echando, etc. Mumazuva ano biosphere musha vanenge mamiriyoni 3 mhando zvipenyu. Anokosha vavo kudzidza Biology (Grade 7) kuti upenyu hwevanhu. Evolution majemusi, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata munhu zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kunzwisisa kweropa, kufema, huta mumhuka.

Zvakasaririra zvipenyu yokutanga yakawanikwa Archean sedimentary namatombo. zera ravo anenge mabhiriyoni 2,5 nemakore. The eukaryotes wekutanga akazviratidza pakutanga ari Proterozoic yaitonga. Possible nzira kuti kwakabva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu vanotsanangura hypotheses kwesayenzi fagotsitelly Mechnikov uye gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution mu zvipenyu - inzira zvisikwa kubva pakutanga Archean upenyu nefomu dzakasiyana-siyana kasvisto uye Fauna of ano Cenozoic Era.

Modern pfungwa pamusoro shanduka zvinokonzera

Vane zvinhu kuti kukonzera adaptive kuchinja zvinenge. genotype wavo zvikuru waidzivirira isafurirwa zvokunze (Rumhangapanga pamusoro Gene mudziva rimwe rudzi). Nhaka mashoko anogona achiri kuchinjwa nokuda Gene chromosomal kunotouraya. Iyi ndiyo nzira - kuzviwanira unhu hutsva uye zvivako - pane shanduka emhuka. Biology Anoongorora nayo muzvikamu zvakadai okufananidza anatomi, biogeography uye genetics. Kubereka sechinhu chinokosha-shanduka, riri rinokosha. Rinotibatsira kuchinja kumarudzi uye akaramba upenyu.

Man uye Biosphere

The dzinotsanagura kukura Nyika anoshongwa uye geochemical basa zvipenyu kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu. Kushanduka ari biosphere yedu ine refu Geological nhoroondo. Rakanga yakataurwa Vernadsky mukudzidzisa kwake. Iye rokuti "noosphere", kunzwisisa pasi payo kwomudzimu vanoziva (mupfungwa) mabasa evanhu zvakatipoteredza. nyaya mhenyu, hunoumba ose goko yose nyika, modifies navo uye inorondedzera ichitanga yacho uye simba.