Amines - a ... Structure, Properties, amines makirasi

Amines vapinda hwedu tisingazvifungiri. Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, zvakanga chepfu yakaipisisa, kudhumhana izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kurufu. Zvino, pashure hafu yezana remakore, tiri kushingaira kushandisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, Textiles, zvokuvakisa, madhayi, izvo kwakavakirwa amines. Kwete, havana kuva kwakachengeteka, chete vanhu vakakwanisa "kupingudza" uye pasi, mokusvinwa zvimwe zvinobatsira pachavo. About chii, uye tichazotaurirana mberi.

tsananguro

Amines - iri Organic yeimwe zvinobva amoniya mamorekuru umo rehydrogen kuchatsiviwa yeHydrocarbon radicals. Vanogona kuva kusvika mana panguva. The configuration uye uwandu radicals mamorekuru kuona muviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zviri amines. Kunze Mahydrocarbon, yeimwe yakadaro inogona vanoumba anonhuhwirira kana aliphatic radicals, kana mubatanidzwa kwayo. The kuzivikanwa mukirasi iyi pamberi Rn-moiety, sezvamakaropafadzwa R - chinhu Organic boka.

kupatsanura

Ose amines inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata guru matatu:

1. By yezvakaita yeHydrocarbon kukuru.
2. By nhamba radicals vasiyana senitrogen atomu.
3. Maererano nenhamba amino mapoka (mono-, va-, tri -, etc ...).

Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira aliphatic amines kana vakaomerwa, vari vamiririri methylamine uye methylethylamine. Uyewo anonhuhwirira - somuenzaniso, aniline kana phenylamine. Names Vamiririri rechipiri boka zvine chokuita zvakananga uwandu yeHydrocarbon radicals. Saka, voga amines chikuru (ine rimwe boka senitrogen), yechipiri (une mapoka maviri senitrogen akabatana siyana Organic nemapoka) uye tertiary (akagamuchirawo kuva mapoka matatu senitrogen). Mazita tertiary boka zvoga.

Nomenclature (paumbwe rokuti)

Kuumba mukomboni zita kuti zita makemikari boka runokusunganidzai kuti senitrogen, akawedzera chivakashure "amine", uye mapoka pachavo vari anotaurwa earufabheti, somuenzaniso: metilprotilamin kana methyldiphenylamine (mu iyi, "door" rinoratidza kuti mukomboni ane radicals maviri phenyl). Kubvumirwa kuva musoro, nheyo iri kabhoni, uye vanomirira iboka amino somunhu substituent. Ipapo nzvimbo indekisi kwayo kunotemwa pasi rokuti nhengo Somuenzaniso, CH ₃ CH ₂ CH (NH ₂₎ CH ₂ CH _3. Dzimwe ari pamusoro rworudyi kukona nhamba inoratidza ordinal nhamba kabhoni.

Vamwe yeimwe vachiri kuramba sezvisingakoshi, anozivikanwa mazita itsanangudzo akadai aniline Somuenzaniso. Uyezve, vamwe vavo vangave kusangana kwakadaro kuti havana kururama vachera mazita anoshandiswa iri ndima ine hurongwa, nokuti vasayendisiti uye vanhu kure sainzi, zviri nyore uye zvinobatsira kukurukura uye kunzwisisa mumwe

mumuviri ehupfumi

The yechipiri amine, sezvinoita chikuru, inokwanisa rokuumba rehydrogen zvisungo pakati mamorekuru, kunyange zvishoma ichipererwa pane dzose. Izvi anotsanangura rokumusoro Kubika (pamusoro madhigirii zana) Tinoberekwa amines, sezvo ichienzaniswa nedzimwe yeimwe nokuva samolecular uremu zvakafanana. Tertiary amine, nokuda kwokushayiwa NH-mapoka haakwanisi rehydrogen chokuedza, saka anotanga kubika nechekare pa-masere nemapfumbamwe Celsius.

At kamuri tembiricha (eighteen - maviri Celsius) chete nechepazasi aliphatic amines zviri muchimiro chiutsi. Paavhareji kugara imvura ezvinhu, uye-soro - iri yakasimba. All amines makirasi vane chaiyo kunhuwa. Rezasi Organic radicals mune morekuru, saka izvozvo zvakajeka kubva husingakuvadzi odorless yeimwe kuti dzakakwirira anonhuwira ryboy pakati uchingodzikira stinking amoniya.

The amines zvingaite simba rehydrogen zvisungo nemvura, kureva vari zvakanaka soluble mairi. The zvakawanda zviri Morekuru aripo ari yeHydrocarbon kukuru, kashoma soluble.

mushonga ehupfumi

Sezvo zvine musoro kufunga, amines - muri nomukaka zviri amoniya, uye saka zvivako vari zvakafanana. Kune nehasha mhando nhatu kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana izvo zvinogoneka ari yeimwe.

1. Chokutanga, funga ehupfumi ari amines sezvo nechigadziko. The repasi (aliphatic) Chine nemvura mamorekuru kupa alkaline kuita. Bond achiumbwa pamusoro anyatsoronga-acceptor mashandiro, nokuti kuti senitrogen ane unpaired Erekitironi. By zvokuverengera amines vose acids kuumbika munyu. Uyu yakasimba, zvikuru mvura-soluble zvinhu. Zvinonhuwirira amines kuratidza simba vakaisvoipa ehupfumi, sezvo avo unshared Erekitironi peya iri zvava kusvika benzene mhete uye interacts pamwe maerekitironi ayo.
2. Oxidation. A tertiary amine iri oxidized nyore rinobatanidza pamwe okisijeni iri mumhepo mudenga. Uyezve, amines zvose zvinogona abatidzwa pachena womoto (kusiyana amoniya).
3. Kudyidzana pamwe nitrous asidhi rinoshandiswa kemisitiri okusiyanisa imwe amine, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvakaitwa kuvimba nhamba Organic mapoka vaivapo muna Morekuru:

• nechepazasi chikuru amines aumba kubva zvakaitwa alcohols;
• zvinonhuwirira ezvinhu chikuru akafanana anopa phenols;
• yechipiri dzikwanise nitroso yeimwe (sezvinoratidzwa maitiro munhuhwi);
• tertiary chimiro munyu kuti vaparadzwa nokukurumidza, saka kukosha zvakadai maitiro haisi.

The dzinokosha ehupfumi kuti aniline

Aniline ndiye remubatanidzwa ane ehupfumi kuri kuti vaviri ane amino boka uye benzenes. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa maererano yakawiriranwa kwaiitika maatomu mukati Morekuru. Kudivi rimwe, mumwe benzene mhete simba zvinokosha (m. E. alkaline) aniline kuratidzwa mune Morekuru. Ivo kudzikisa pane aliphatic amines uye amoniya. Asi Ukuwo, kana boka amino ane zvainoita benzene mhete, zvinova nekusiyana, zvikuru vanoshingaira uye anopinda kuzvitsinhanisa zvavaifunga.

For Qualitative uye quantitative Kutsunga aniline yeimwe mune mhinduro kana kushandisa maitiro pamwe bromine mvura, Musana kuguma chubhu chena precipitate pamusoro 2,4,6-tribromanilina umo.

Amines zvakasikwa

Amines zvinowanika munyika zvisikwa muchimiro mavhitamini, mahormone, zvenguva zvibereko muviri, uye vane mumuviri mhuka uye zvinomera. Uyezve, kana kuora zvipenyu kugamuchiravo yechipiri amines, zviri mvura ezvinhu zviri kuparadzira zvakaipa kunhuwa herring brine. Nevakawanda inorondedzerwa mabhuku "chitunha muchetura" akazviratidza Vongai chaiyo nokunhuhwira amines.

Kwenguva refu nguva isu vaiona nefuma kuvhiringidzwa amoniya nemhaka zvakafanana kwakanaka. Asi nepakati namapfumbamwe French kemisiti remakore Wurtz aigona synthesize methylamine uye ethylamine, uye kuratidza kuti emit kana nokupisa Mahydrocarbon. Izvi zvakanga chinokosha musiyano kubva yeimwe ataurwa amoniya.

Kugadzirira amines mu maindasitiri ezvinhu

Sezvo senitrogen atomu mu amines ari yakaderera oxidation mamiriro, ari kuzoita senitrogen tubhokisi yeimwe ndiyo nyore uye dzive nyore kupinda nzira nokuda gadziriro yavo. Hazvina kwakapararira maindasitiri tsika nokuda kwayo cheapness.

nzira yokutanga ndiyo rutapudzo kuti nitro yeimwe. Zvakaitwa panguva iyo yakaumbwa aniline rinozivikanwa semusayendisiti Zinin uye Waiitwa kokutanga pakati pezana-namapfumbamwe remakore. nzira yechipiri anovaka amides vachishandisa lithium aruminiyamu hydride. Kubva nitriles ndechokuti zvinogona kudzorera chepuraimari amines. Musimboti Third - alkylation maitiro, i.e. kuunzwa mapoka alkyl kuti amoniya Morekuru.

Kushandiswa amines

Pachavo, muchimiro wakachena zvinhu, amines anoshandiswa zvishoma. Mumwe mienzaniso mishoma - polyethylene polyamine (Pepa) izvo mumhuri ezvinhu hwezvekukurukurirana koukukutu yacho epoxy nebwe. Zvikurukuru, chikuru, yechipiri kana tertiary amine - zviri zvenguva dziri kugadzirwa siyana Organic zvinhu. Chinonyanya dzakakurumbira ndechokuti aniline. Iye - Achishandisa guru palette kuti aniline madhayi. Ruvara kuti zvichaita pakupedzisira, kunoenderana zvakananga mashoko vakasarudzwa. aniline Kwakachena anopa rebhuruu ruvara, uye musanganiswa aniline, ortho- uye ya-toluidine achava tsvuku.

Aliphatic amines inodiwa achigadzirira polyamides, akadai zvinhu zvenaironi nezvimwe chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers. Ivo zvinoshandiswa zvokuimba engineering, uyewo kugadzirwa yetambo, machira uye nemafirimu. Uyezve, aliphatic diizotsinaty zvaishandiswa zvaAtemisi polyurethanes. Nokuda kwayo aakatipa zvivako (nenyama, simba, mukana wokushandiswa uye kukwanisa kuomerera hukawanika zvose) vari kudiwa rokuvaka (furo, guruu) uye shangu indasitiri (vapedzisire chete).

Medicine - imwe nharaunda umo amines dzinoshandiswa. Chemistry kunobatsira synthesize muvira boka nemishonga sulfonamides, izvo zvinobudirira kushandiswa sezvo wechipiri-mutsetse madhiragi, kureva negadziriro yeparutivi. Kana mabhakitiriya anogona kusaurayiwa nemishonga zvinokosha.

Migumisiro Inokuvadza pamusoro womunhu muviri

Zvinozivikanwa kuti amines - iri chepfu chaizvo fuma. Kukuvara zvingakonzera chero kukurukurirana navo: inhalation pamusoro vapor, ari kuonana yakazaruka ganda kana ingress kwokubatana mukati mumuviri. Rufu kunoitika nokushayiwa okisijeni, saka sezvo amines (kunyanya aniline) anosunga kuti Chizenga muropa uye regai akakunda mamorekuru okisijeni. Yambira zviratidzo ndivo kupfupika mweya, zvitema nasolabial netriangle uye nyore, tachypnea (kukurumidza kufema), tachycardia, kurasikirwa chavanoziva.

Kana kubatana pakati zvinhu izvi pamusoro pachena nhengo dzomuviri anofanira kubviswa nokukurumidza navo donje kare dzichinyikwa doro. Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa sezvo nokungwarira sezvinobvira kwete kuwedzera nzvimbo zvokutapukirwa. Kana pane zviratidzo nomuchetura - kuva nechokwadi kuti chiremba.

Aliphatic amines - chepfu kuna huta uye zvemwoyo nehurongwa. Vanogona kukonzera kuora mwoyo chiropa uye ayo degeneration uye kunyange kenza yacho dundira chirwere.