Ernest Hemingway (Ernest Miller Hemingway): biography uye zvisikwa (mufananidzo)

Mukurumbira munyika yose, munyori wemuAmerica Ernest Hemingway akapa chikamu chekuverengera chenyika zvakawanda zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Akanyora pamusoro pezvaakadzidza, akaona, akazvinzwa. Zvichida, naizvozvo, mabasa eErnest Hemingway akanaka kwazvo, akapfuma uye anofadza. Nheyo dzemaruwa ake uye nhau dzaive upenyu huri pachahwo, mune zvese zvakasiyana. Kunyoresa kwekutaura, hupfupi hwekuumbwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinyengeri mumabasa eHemingway zvakaunza mavara matsva kune mabhuku ezana remakore rechi20 ndokurigadzirisa. Muchikamu chino, tichaedza kujekesa zvikamu zvehupenyu hwake hwekusika, hwakavanzwa kubva pameso omunhu.

Kubata uye kuyaruka

Ernest Hemingway (Mufananidzo wakapiwa nenguva dzakasiyana-siyana hwehupenyu hwomunyori) akaberekwa pakupera kwezana remakore: July 21 muna 1899. Vabereki vake vaigara panguva iyoyo pedyo neChicago, mune rimwe guta rainzi Oak Park. Baba vaErnest - Clarence Edmond Hemingway - vakashanda sechiremba, amai - Grace Grace - vakazvipira hupenyu hwavo hwose mukurera vana.

Kubvira achiri muduku, baba vake vakaisa muErnest rudo rwezvakasikwa, vachitarisira kuti achazotevera mumakwara ake - iye achadzidza masayenzi nemishonga. Clarence aiwanzotora mwanakomana wake parwendo rwokurove, achimukumikidza kune zvose zvaaizviziva. Nezera remakore masere, Ernie muduku aiziva mazita emiti yose, mhuka, hove, shiri dzinogona kuwanikwa muMidwest Midlands. Chido chechipiri cheErnest wechidiki aiva mabhuku-aigona kupedza maawa akawanda muraibhurari yemusha, achidzidza mabhuku ezvakaitika uye basa raDarwin.

Amai vomukomana vakanga vari kuronga nezvemwanakomana wavo wamangwana-akamanikidzika kuti atambe cello uye kuimba muchechi yekereke, kazhinji kunyange kuparadza mabasa echikoro. Ernest Hemingway pachake akatenda kuti akanga asina chero mano okutaura, nokuti nenzira dzose aigona kudzivisa marwadzo anobaya mwoyo mumhanzi.

Chokwadi chemufaro chakanga chiri chechidiki wechizvarwa mazhizha anoenda kumaodzanyemba kweMichigan, uko Hemingway yaiva neimba "Windmere." Kufamba munzvimbo dzakanyarara, dzisina kunyanya kuitika pedyo neGungwa Vallun, pedyo neiva imba yeimba, zvaifadza Ernest. Hapana akamanikidza kuti atambe uye kuimba, akanga asina zvachose kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yepamusha. Anokwanisa kutora tsvimbo yekubata hove ndokuenda kwezuva rose kugungwa, kukanganwa nenguva, kufamba mumatanda kana kutamba neIndia vakomana kubva kumusha wakapoteredza.

Kushuva kwekuvhima

Ernest aiva neukama hwakasununguka nababa vake. Mukomana uyu aifarira kuteerera nyaya dzehupenyu kubva pamiromo yemurume wekare, dzakawanda dzaakazoendesa kumabasa ake. Muna 1911, Sekuru vakapa Ernie pfuti, uye baba vake vakamuudza kumurume wekare basa - kuvhima. Kubva panguva iyo, murume uyu ane chimwe chido muupenyu, izvo iye achazopa imwe yezvinyorwa zvake zvokutanga. Zvose zvebasa zvinotora zvitsanangudzo zvebaba, vane hupenyu uye hupenyu hwakagara huchitya Ernest. Kwenguva yakareba mushure mekufa kunorwadza komubereki (Clarence Edmond Hemingway akazviuraya muna 1928), munyori akaedza kuwana tsanangudzo yeizvi, asi haana kuzviwana.

Reporter

Mushure mechikoro, Ernest haana kupinda yunivhesiti sevabereki vake vaida, asi akatamira kuKansas City uye akawana basa semunyori wepepanhau reko. Akapiwa dunhu reguta uko gwara rechitima, chipatara chikuru uye mapurisa akawanikwa. Kazhinji panguva yekushanda Ernest aifanira kubata nevashandi vakaurawa, zvifeve, vacheri, uchapupu hwemoto nezvimwe zvisingafadzi zviitiko. Munhu mumwe nomumwe, uyo jaya racho raakatarisana nechekupedzisira, akaonekwa se x-ray-akatarisa, akaedza kunzwisisa zvinangwa zvemuitiro wake, akabata zviratidzo, nzira yekutaura kwake. Gare gare, zviitiko zvose izvi uye kufungidzira zvichava zvinyorwa zvemabasa ake ekunyora.

Munguva yebasa romunyori wenhau, Ernest Hemingway akadzidza chinhu chikuru - zvakarurama, zvakajeka uye zvakananga kuratidza pfungwa dzake, kwete kushayikwa chinhu chimwe chete. Iyo tsika yakagadziridzwa yekugara iri pakati pezviitiko uye iyo yakagadzirwa nenzira yekunyora ichazove iyo nheyo yekugadzira kwake kubudirira. Ernest Hemingway, ane nhoroondo yakazara nemafungiro, aifarira zvikuru basa rake, asi akasiya iro kuti azviite kuenda kuhondo.

Iri shoko rinotyisa "hondo"

Muna 1917, United States yakashambadzira kupinda kwayo muHondo Yenyika Yenyika, mapepanhau eNether America aitsamwisa varume vaduku kupfeka yunifomu yejasi uye kuenda kuhondo. Ernest nerudo rwake haaigona kuramba asina hanya uye aida kuti ave chikamu chechiitiko ichi, asi akasangana nekudzikama kwakasimba kubva kuvabereki navanachiremba (murume uyu akanga asina kuchena). Kunyange zvakadaro, Ernest Hemingway akakwanisa kusvika mberi mberi muna 1918, achinyora mumapoka eVovhangeri Vachipiri. Vose vaiuya vakatumirwa kuMilan, uko basa ravo rokutanga raiva rekudzima nzvimbo yezvombo zvemiti, iyo yakafuridzirwa zuva rakapfuura. Pazuva rechipiri, wechidiki Ernest akatumirwa kumusasa wepamberi mumusha weShio, asi kunyange ikoko akakundikana kuona chiito chaicho chehondo - kutamba makadhi nebhokisi, iyo yakawanda yevarwi yakanga yakabatanidzwa, haina kumbofanana nemafungiro emurume pamusoro pehondo.

Kushevedza kwekuendesa kwezvokudya kumasoja ari pa ambulensi zvakananga pahondo, kupinda mumakungwa, Ernest Hemingway pakupedzisira akazadzisa chinangwa chake. "Shandisai Zvombo!" Ndiyo basa rezvinyorwa zvevanhu iro munyori akaparidzira manzwiro ose nekuona kwenguva iyoyo yehupenyu hwake.

Kutanga rudo

Muna July 1918, mutyairi wechidiki mukuedza kuponesa nyoka yakakuvadzwa yakawira pasi pemauto eAustria pfuti. Apo hafu yake-yakafa yakaendeswa kuchipatara, akanga asina nzvimbo yekugara-muviri wose wakanga wakazara namavanga. Mushure mokubvisa zvimedu makumi maviri nematanhatu kubva mumuviri uye kurapa maronda ose, vanachiremba vakatumira Ernest kuMilan, kwaakatsiviwa nepfura yepfura pane chekuita kwealuminium.

Muchipatara cheMilan Ernest Hemingway (biography kubva kune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinotsigira izvi) yakapedza mwedzi mitatu. Ikoko akazozivana nemureri, umo maakawira zvachose murudo. Ukama hwavo hwakawanawo mufananidzo munharaunda yake "Farewell to Arms!".

Dzokera kumba

MunaJanuary 1919, Ernest akadzokera kumba kuUnited States. Akasangana semhare chaiye, mumapepanhau ose aigona kuona zita rake, mambo weItaly akapa chikomborero cheMuAmerican Cross Cross uye Medal "For Valor".

Mugore racho, Hemingway anoporesa maronda nemhuri yake, uye muna 1920 akatamira kuCanada, kwaakaramba achitsvakurudza mutsamba. Pepanhau rinonzi Toronto Star, raakashanda naro, rakapa rusununguko rwevatori venhau - Hemingway rakanga rakasununguka kunyora chero chinhu, asi rakagamuchira mubhadharo chete wezvinhu zvakagamuchirwa uye zvakabudiswa. Panguva ino munyori ndiye anogadzira mabasa ake ekutanga-pamusoro pehondo, pamusoro pekukanganwa uye varwi vasingadiwi, pamusoro peupenzi nekuwedzerwa kwesimba masimba.

Paris

MunaSeptember 1921, Hemingway yakagadzira mhuri, chisarudzo chake chaiva muimbi wechidiki piyona Hadley Richardson. Pamwe chete nemudzimai wake, Ernest anoita chimwe chiroto-achienda kuParis, uko mune imwe nzira yekuchenjerera, kuongorora kugona kwezvinyorwa zvekunyora kunonyadzisa unyanzvi hwake hwokunyora. Upenyu muParis Hemingway inotsanangurwa mubhuku rinonzi "Zororo rakagara newe", iro rakazova rakakurumbira chete mushure mekufa kwake.

Ernest aive nebasa rakaoma uye rakaoma kuti azviriritire iye nemudzimai wake, saka vhiki nevhiki akatumira kune pepanhau rinonzi "Toronto Star" zvinyorwa zvake. Nyaya yehurukuro yakagamuchirwa kubva kune iyo yakave yakasununguka iyo nyanzvi yaaida - tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwevaEurope muzvinyorwa uye pasina kunyengedza.

Muna 1923, Ernest Hemingway, ane nhau dzezviuru zvevanhu vakatoverenga, anozadzisa zvakaitika kwaari nevadzidzi vatsva uye maonero, ayo aachazoenda kune muverengi mumabasa ake. Munyori anova muenzi wenguva dzose mubhuku rekunyora kweshamwari yake Sylvia Beach. Iko anotora mabhuku okubhadhara, uye anozivana nevanyori vakawanda uye vanyori. Nevamwe vavo (Gertrude Stein, James Joyce) paHemingway kwenguva refu ushamwari hune ushamwari hunotanga.

Kuziva

Mabasa ekutanga ekunyorwa kwemunyori, uyo akamuunza mukurumbira, akanyorwa naye munguva kubva muna 1926 kusvika muna 1929. "Uye zuva rinopera," "Varume vasina vakadzi," "Anokunda haawani chinhu," "Killers", "Chiri Kilimanjaro" uye, zvechokwadi, "Shandisai Arms!" Yakakunda mwoyo yevaverengi veAmerica. Anenge munhu wose aiziva kuti Ernest Hemingway ndiani. Kuongorora kwebasa rake, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vachipesana (vamwe vaifunga kuti munyori ane tarenda akawanda, vamwe-vasina tare), asi ivo vanowedzera kufarira hurumende mumabasa. Mabhuku ake akatengwa uye akaverengwa kunyange munguva yematambudziko emari muUnited States.

Upenyu huri kufamba

Ernest aiwanzoenda kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo, zvizhinji zvezvose muupenyu aifarira kufamba. Saka, muna 1930, akachinja zvakare kugara kwake, nguva ino achigara muFlorida. Ikoko anoenderera mberi nekusika, hove nekuvhima. MunaSeptember 1930, Hemingway inowira mumatambudziko emotokari, mushure mekunge, mumwedzi mitanhatu, iye anodzosera hutano hwake.

Muna 1933, muvhimi anonakidza akafamba rwendo rurefu rwakarongwa kuenda kuEast Africa. Ikoko akawana zvakawanda: zvose vanobudirira kurwisana nemhuka dzomusango, uye utachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, uye kunotyisa kwenguva yakareba kurapwa. Maonero ake epanguva iyoyo yehupenyu hwake akanyora mubhuku rinonzi "Green Hills of Africa."

Ernest Hemingway aisagona kugara munzvimbo imwe. Iyo nyanzvi yemunyori ine ruzivo rwekuti haaigona kuramba asina hanya nehondo yehurumende muSpain ndokuenda ikoko nokukurumidza apo mukana uyu wakaonekwa. Ikoko akazova munyori wezvinyorwa zvepa documentary pamusoro penyaya yekurwa muMadrid kunonzi "Nyika yeSpain".

Muna 1943 Ernest Hemingway akadzokera kubasa renyori wenhau ndokuenda kuLondon kuzofukidza zviitiko zveHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1944, munyori anobatanidzwa muhondo dzokurwisana pamusoro peGermany, anotungamira musasa wevaFrance vatsigiri, vanorwa nehondo pahondo muBelgium neFrance.

Muna 1949, Hemingway akadzokera zvakare - ino nguva kuCuba. Ikoko kwakaberekwa nhoroondo yake yakanakisisa - "The Old Man and the Sea", iyo iyo munyori akapiwa Pulitzer uye Nobel Prizes.

Muna 1953, Ernest anoshanyira kuAfrica, uko ari mune kukanganisa kwema ndege.

Kuguma kunotyisa kwenhoroondo

Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake munyori akatambura nezvirwere zvakawanda zvepanyama, akanzwa kuora mwoyo kwakadzama. Nguva dzose aifunga kuti akanga ari kutariswa neFBI vashandi, kuti foni yake yakanga yakasungwa, tsamba dzakanga dziri kuverengwa, uye mabhengi ebhangi aigara achiongororwa. Nekurapwa, Ernest Hemingway akatumirwa kuchipatara chepfungwa, kwaakange achida kuita zvidzidzo gumi nematatu zveyero electroconvulsive therapy. Izvi zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwomunyori wekuyeuka uye hakukwanisi kuumba, izvo zvakawedzera kuwedzera mamiriro ake ezvinhu.

Mazuva mashomanana mushure mokusunungurwa kubva kuchipatara, Ernest Hemingway akazviwisira pfuti pamba pake muKetchum. Makore makumi mashanu mushure mekufa kwake, yakava kuzivikanwa kuti kutambudzwa mania kwakanga kusiri pasina - munyori akanga akanyatsotariswa.

Munyori mukuru Ernest Hemingway, uyo anotsanangurwa nemoyo mamiriyoni evanhu pasi pose, akararama upenyu hunooma asi hwakanaka uye hwakapfuma. Mashoko ake akachenjera nemabasa achagara nokusingaperi mumoyo nemweya yevadzidzi.