Ekaterina 2: Biography of Empress. History of Russia

Taurai munhu 2 Catherine aiva Guru - Russian Empress chakangomuka German. nyaya Most uye mafirimu, iye anoratidzwa sezvo anoda hwomutambarakede dare balls uye zvimbuzi, uyewo vaaida dzakawanda, pamwe pacho kamwe yaiva pedyo chaizvo ukama.

Zvinosuruvarisa vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti akanga akangwara chaizvo, inopenya uye unyanzvi murongi. Uye chinhu chisingarambiki chokwadi, sezvo enyika kuchinja kwakaitika mumakore ake okutonga, vaiva vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Uyezve, kuchinja mune zveupfumi, magariro uye enyika upenyu munyika, vari kwerudo eccentricity unhu hwake.

mavambo

Ekaterina 2, Biography chakanga saka zvinoshamisa uye kujairika, akaberekwa musi 2 May (21 April) 1729 muna Stettin, Germany. zita rake rizere - Sophia Augusta Frederica, Princess pamusoro Anhalt-Zerbst. Vabereki vake vaiva Prince Christian August pamusoro Anhalt-Zerbst uye kuenzana naye wenyaya Johann Elizaveta Golshteyn-Gottorp, uyo aiva noukama youmambo dzimba akadai Chirungu, Swedish uye Prussian.

The ramangwana Empress kweRussia, dzidzo musha. It akadzidzisa dzidziso, nziyo, kutamba, zvinokosha nzvimbo uye nhoroondo, uyewo, kuwedzera yake yaakaberekerwa German, iye Ainyatsoziva, uye French. Nechekare mu muduku iye akamuratidza kuzvimirira hunhu, kutsungirira uye kuda kuziva, dzakada kugara uye Outdoor mitambo.

muchato

Muna 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna akakoka muchindakadzi pakati Anhalt-Zerbst, pamwe amai vake kuti vauye Russia. Pano Woman christened muna tsika Orthodox uye pakuzivikanwa se Ekaterinoy Alekseevnoy. Kubvira iye yakagamuchira mamiriro mwenga Prince Peter Fedorovich, ramangwana Mambo Peter 3.

Saka hunonakidza nyaya Catherine 2 muRussia chakatanga muchato wavo, yaiitwa musi August 21, 1745. Pashure chiitiko ichi, iye akakunda wenyaya Grand Duchess. Sokuziva, muchato wayo akanga asingafari kubva pakutanga. Murume wake Peter panguva iyoyo achiri jaya saibva uyo aitamba naye masoja, pane kupedzera nguva yavo nzanga wake. Saka, remangwana Empress akamanikidzwa kutandadza akazvifukidza: akaverenga refu, uyewo wekuvamba zvakasiyana siyana kunonakidza.

Catherine 2 vana

Nepo mudzimai Peter 3 aiva nechitarisiko vanoremekedzwa Vakadzi, pachake ndiye aifanira kuzotora chigaro haana kuvanzika, saka ake kudanana kunonyadzisa vaiziva rinenge rose kwemba.

Pashure pemakore mashanu, Catherine 2, ane Biography chikazozikamwa, uyewo akanga azere norudo nyaya, akatanga nyaya yake yokutanga. sarudzo yake aiva mukuru wavarindi SV Saltykov. September 20, pashure 9 makore muchato, akabereka mugari wenhaka. chiitiko ichi chakava nyaya mudare kukurukurirana, izvo, zvisinei, kuramba nhasi, asi mune zvedzidzo yeChina. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kana baba vomukomana raiva Catherine kuti anoda chaizvo uye kwete murume, Peter. Vamwe vanoti kuti akazvarwa kubva kumurume wake. Asi kuti zvingaita sezvakadaro, amai vasina nguva kugadzirisa mwana, saka dzidzo yake vakatora pamusoro Elizaveta Petrovna pachake. Nokukurumidza, remangwana Empress zvakare akava nemimba uye akabereka musikana anonzi Anna. Zvinosuruvarisa, mwana uyu akararama mwedzi 4 chete.

Pashure 1750 Catherine chokuita norudo S. Poniatowski, vokuPoland Wenyika, uyo akazova Mambo Stanisław Augustus. Mukutanga 1760 akanga ana G. G. Orlovym, izvo akabereka mwana wechitatu - mwanakomana wake Alexis. Mukomana akapiwa zita Bobrinsky.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti nemhaka zhinji makuhwa uye guhwa, uyewo hwakazara maitiro kwevarume, vana Catherine 2 haana kukonzera chero inodziya manzwiro kubva Petro 3. Munhu akapokana zvakajeka ubaba ake yomuzvarirwo.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti remangwana Empress categorically vakaramba ose kupomerwa wake naye. Achitiza kubva kurwisa Petro 3, Catherine vakawanda nguva vaifarira kupedza naye boudoir. Wakabirwa kune pfupa nomurume kwakatungamirira kuti iye akakoshesa vakatanga kutya kuti upenyu hwake. Waitya kuti, wakati asvika simba, Petro 3 kuiruramisira, saka akatanga kutsvaka yakavimbika vatsigiri paruvanze.

Accession pachigaro

Pakafa Peter 3 State of nemitemo mai vake chete 6 mwedzi. Kwenguva refu nguva kutaura nezvake sezvo vasingazivi uye simba pfungwa mutongi multiple malformations. Asi ndiani akaita chifananidzo chakadaro? Mumakore achangopfuura, vanyori venhau vari nyore kudavira kuti chifananidzo chakadaro dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki akasikwa netsamba zvakanyorwa varongi ari kubvuta masimba - Catherine 2 uye E. R. Dashkovoy.

Chokwadi chokuti murume wacho atinoitwa wake akanga kwete zvakaipa, zvakanga zvakajeka noruvengo. Naizvozvo, kutyisidzirwa payo inotarisana Link kana kunyange kusungwa akaparirwa ari anorongera Peter 3. Ronga kumukira kwakabatsira Orlov hama yake, K. Razumovsky, N. I. Panin, E. Dashkova nevamwe. July 9, 1762 3 Petro rakaparadzwa uye vakauya kuti simba mumwe mambokadzi mutsva - Catherine 2. akabvisa mambo zvinenge pakarepo vakaendeswa Ropsha (30 mamaira kubva St. Petersburg). Akaperekedzwa murindi varindi pasi murayiro Alekseya Orlova.

Sezvaunoziva, nyaya Catherine 2, uye zvikurukuru kuti maiva youmambo pachigaro nechisimba, uzere nezvirahwe, izvo fadza pfungwa vaongorori vakawanda nhasi. Somuenzaniso, kusvikira zvino chikonzero chaiwo rufu haangasimbiswi Peter 3 at 8 Mazuva pashure sapakuparadzwa. Maererano pamutemo shanduro, akafa rose boka zvirwere zvinokonzerwa kwenguva refu doro kushandiswa.

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura zvakanzi vaidavira kuti Petro 3 akafa rufu rwechisimba mumaoko Alekseya Orlova. Uchapupu uyu ane tsamba yakanyorwa muurayi uye vakatumira Catherine ane Ropsha mhando. The wepakutanga Gwaro ichi haina akachengetedzwa, asi akanga chete kopi zvichipomerwa filmed FV Rostopchin. Naizvozvo, zvakananga uchapupu umhondi yamambo asi.

vatorwa negwaro

Ndinofanira kutaura, Catherine Guru 2 migove dzakawanda maonero Peter 1 nezvokuti Russia munyika munhandare vanofanira kutungamirira zvinzvimbo zvose munzvimbo, zvichitungamirira panguva iyoyo nehasha uye kunyange kusvika pamwero hasha negwaro. Uchapupu ichi inogona yokumbozorora chibvumirano kwomubatanidzwa pamwe Prussia, vakagumisa ambotaurwa nomurume wake Peter 3. Iye akaita inokosha kufamba anenge pakarepo, kamwe ndakauya choushe.

Foreign Politika Ekateriny 2 kwaibva pakuti iye nguva dzose yakaedza kuvaka pachigaro evatsigiri vake. Zviri rutendo kwaari Duke E. I. Biron akadzokera choushe Courland, uye muna 1763 muPoland akatanga kutonga kwake protégé - Stanisław August Poniatowski. Zviito zvakadaro zvakakonzera kuti Austria vakatanga kutya munhu achinyanyisa chakasimba kuchamhembe wehurumende. Nhengo dzayo ndangotanga kukurudzira muvengi refu-amire dzeRussia - Turkey - kuenda kundorwa naro. Uye Austria achiri akaita yake.

Tinogona kutaura kuti hondo Russian-Turkish urwo rwakatora 6 makore (kubvira 1768 kusvika 1774), yave vanobudirira nokuda Russian Empire. Pasinei neizvi, magetsi handiyo nzira yakanakisisa enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika waitwa Catherine 2 kutsvaka rugare. Somugumisiro, iye aitofanira kudzorera akwegura abatana Austria. Uye nekuyanana pakati penyika mbiri raitwa. akatambudzwa wake raiva Poland, chikamu munharaunda iyo muna 1772 yakakamurwa pakati munyika nhatu: Russia, Austria uye Prussia.

Ndakabatana nyika uye nedzidziso itsva Russian

The kusaina of Chibvumirano Kuchuk-Kainarji pamwe Turkey akapa zvakanaka kune Russian mamiriro rusununguko Crimea. Mumakore akatevera, paiva kuwedzera youmambo simba, kwete chete Peninsula, asiwo kuCaucasus. mutemo uyu kwakaguma kwebasa rinofanira Russia muna 1782, muCrimea. Nokukurumidza akanga asaina Chibvumirano Georgievsk pamwe Kartli-Kakheti chamber Irakli 2, iro raisanganisira kuwana eRussia ari munharaunda Georgian. Zvadaro, izvi nyika vakanga akabatana Russia.

Ekaterina 2, Biography iyo nekupedza raiwanzobatana nhoroondo nyika, chechipiri hafu 70s ramakore rechi18, pamwechete ipapo hurumende akatanga kuumba munhu zvachose itsva wokumwe mitemo nzvimbo - vanonzi Greek chirongwa. Chinangwa chikuru chaiva kudzorera kwayo echiGiriki kana Byzantine. Its kwakasvika kuva Constantinople uye mutongi wayo - muzukuru Catherine 2, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

By kuguma 70s vatorwa Politika Ekateriny 2 shure kunyika aimbova mukurumbira munyika dzakawanda, mamwe akasimbisa pashure Russia akaita murevereri muna Teschen Congress pakati Prussia neAustria. Muna 1787, ivo Empress namambo Polish uye yeAustria mambo, achiperekedzwa courtiers ake uye vamiriri vatorwa, akaita rwendo rurefu kuti Crimean kweItari. Ichi chiitiko chikuru kuratidza simba nevarwi Russian Empire.

zvemumba negwaro

Vazhinji zvokuchinja uye kuchinja kwakaitika Russia, akanga dzinopikisana sezvo Catherine pachake 2. Makore kwake ushe akacherekedza kunonyanyisa uranda miduku yokuruwa, uyewo yezve kunyange usingashandi kodzero. Ndipo apo akazviratidza chirevo irambidzwe chichemo kune nehanya kuti landlords. Mukuwedzera, pakati machinda ose ehurumende midziyo uye uori rikabudirira, vakashumira muenzaniso nokuda Empress, uyo norupo semhuri, uye nehondo huru pakati Fans dzavo.

Zvazvakanga

Personal unhu Catherine 2 yakanga akarondedzerwa naye pachavo netsamba dzavo. Uyezve, vanyori venhau yokutsvakurudza kwakavakirwa magwaro akawanda, vachiti zvakanga wepfungwa usingaoneki, mutongi unhu hwakanaka. Uchapupu ichi ndechokuti akasarudza naye somubatsiri wake chete unyanzvi uye rakajeka vanhu. Naizvozvo, chinhu ichikosha pakataurwa chidzoke munhu wose boka penya vehondo uye vezvematongerwo, vadetembi nevanyori, vemifananidzo uye musicians.

Mukubata pasi Catherine 2 Kazhinji vakangwara, zvadzorwa uye anoshivirira. Maererano naye, iye nguva dzose anoteerera nokungwarira kuti shamwari yake, apo rokutora ose zvine pfungwa, uye ipapo kuishandisa zvakanaka. Kana chaizvoizvo haina kuitika chero noruzha yokurega, ndiyo imwe vanokudzwa havana kureva, ndoda vaurayiwa. Ndosaka anonzi pachitonga "yendarama zera" kubudirira yeRussian kwamachinda.

Ekaterina 2, Biography uye unhu kuti Zvisinei izere kuzvipokanidza,, chaiva maturo uye zvinokosheswa chaizvo kukunda simba. Kuti tirambe naye mumaoko ake, iye akanga achida kusiya kunyange tichiregeredza yavo zvaaitenda.

upenyu Personal

Portraits of Empress, rakanyorwa mumakore ouduku hwake, achiti aiva akanaka akanaka. Hazvishamisi kuti nyaya zvinosanganisira dzakawanda rudo Catherine mafaro 2. Kuti chokwadi, zvinogona zvakanaka kuroorwazve, asi muchiitiko chino kwayo rokuremekedza, nzvimbo, uye Chikurukuru, simba rizere, vaizopiwa ukanganiswe.

Maererano nevakawanda vakawanda dzekare, muupenyu hwake Ekaterina Velikaya hwakachinja vanoda vanenge makumi maviri. Kakawanda, iye akavapa chipo chinonyanya siyana zvinokosha, norupo vachipa kunze anokudza uye mazita, uye izvi zvose kuti atsigire naye.

Results of Board

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti dzekare vari kuzviwanira kuongorora zvakajeka zvose zviitiko Catherine kuti yaitonga, sezvo apo despotism uye dzidzo vakanga vachifamba ruoko uye vakanga zvakabatana chaizvo. Munguva yake ushe zvakanga zvose: kukura dzidzo, tsika uye nesayenzi, mashoko anokosha nokusimbaradza wokuRussia mamiriro munyika dzakawanda munhandare, kukura wezvokutengeserana ukama uye nezvibvumirano. Asi, sezvinoitwa chero mutongi, akanga asiri pasina kwayo kudzvinyirira vanhu, uyo akatambura vakawanda kushayiwa. Izvi Mutemo womukati vaisagona kukonzera mumwe nevakawanda mhirizhonga, iyo kwakaguma ane simba uye wenguva pamwero kumukira rinotungamirirwa Emelyana Pugacheva.

mhedziso

Muna 1860 paiva zano: kuzomisa shongwe Catherine 2 muSt Petersburg vachikudza yayo-gore 100 okuberekwa vakauya chigaro. kuvaka Its kwakatora makore 11, uye akazarura muna 1873 panguva munharaunda Alexandria. Hazvina yakakurumbira monument pakati mambokadzi. Mumakore kwesimba eSoviet akarasika 5 sezvivako ayo. Pashure 2000, isu akazarura nzvimbo dzinoverengeka zvose muRussia uye kunze: 2 - muUkraine 1 - muna Transnistria. Mukuwedzera, muna 2010 mu Zerbst (Germany) paiva chifananidzo, asi kwete Empress Catherine 2, uye Sofii Frederike Augusta, Princess pamusoro Anhalt-Zerbst.