Ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen. Properties uye kushandiswa rehydrogen

Rehydrogen H - nemakemikari maatomu akafanana, mumwe Inonyanya kubata zvakasikwa. guru rehydrogen sechinhu chinhu ari Zvinoumba nyaya 75% of zvachose kugutsikana kwemaatomu imwe mhando. Iye anopinda kupfuura unokosha uye zvinokosha rinobatanidza nyika - mvura. A pachena chinoratidza rehydrogen zvakare chokwadi chokuti iye ndiye chinhu chokutanga periodic patafura D. zvine maatomu akafanana I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery uye tsvakurudzo

Kutaurwa kwokutanga murugwaro Paracelsus musi shure navatanhatu remakore rehydrogen. Asi voga kwayo kubva gasi vasanganise mhepo uye zvinobata moto zvivako kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nemanomwe masayendisiti remakore Lemaire. kwazvo rehydrogen akadzidza Chirungu kemisiti uye yefizikisi musayendisiti Henry Cavendish, izvo empirically akaratidza kuti vakawanda rehydrogen yakaderera tichienzanisa nedzimwe magasi. In akazotevera zvokukura kukura nesayenzi, masayendisiti akawanda vakashanda naye, vakadai Lavoisier, akakudanai kuti "vanowanika mvura."

Feature pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu PSKHE

Eremendi, kuvhura periodic table D. I. Mendeleeva - ndiko rehydrogen. Physical uye namakemikari zvivako zviri atomu kuratidza vamwe duality nekuti rehydrogen panguva ndezvomunhu boka rokutanga, chikuru subgroup, kana achiita somunhu simbi uye anopa chete Erekitironi mubishi kwemakemikari maitiro uye wechinomwe - panyaya kwakazadza zvachose Valence goko, i.e. mabiko kunaka nezvimedu, iyo kunozivisa nayo zvakafanana halogen.

Zvakakurukurwa electronic nemamiriro chinhu

The ehupfumi zviri hydrogen atomu kunzwisisa zvinhu kuti icho chinobatanidzwa, uye iri nyore zvacho N ₂ anonyanya pakutsvaga electronic configuration rehydrogen. The PARTICIPLE ane Erekitironi ne Z = (-1), izvo rotates wayo pairi ichitenderera musimboti ine rimwe hwepurotoni ane chikwata gobvu uye zvakanaka kupomera (+1). Its zvemagetsi configuration 1s yakanyorwa sezvo ^1, izvo zvinoratidza kuvapo NEGATIVE PARTICIPLE pachako kuti kutanga chete rehydrogen S-orbitals.

Kana voga kana hazviiti Erekitironi uye atomu rimwe chinhu ane pfuma kuti inosangana simbi vakawana nokuo- nga. Zvikurukuru rehydrogen Ion - akanaka chepuraimari PARTICIPLE. Naizvozvo, Erekitironi isina rehydrogen anongonzi hwepurotoni.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Paaitsanangura kuti ehupfumi mumuviri rehydrogen zvishoma, ndiko Hauoneki, zvishoma soluble gasi ane hama mabhomba guru 2, 14,5 nguva vakareruka kupfuura mhepo, ivo liquefaction tembiricha kuti -252,8 madhigirii chilis.

Panguva kuedza, unogona kuona nyore kuti H ₂ ndiye nyore. Zvakakwana kuzadza balls nhatu dzakasiyana zvinhu - rehydrogen, carbon dioxide, yemanyorero mhepo - uye panguva imwe chete kusunungura mumaoko. The uchitsanya inosvika pasi, iyo izere CO ₂ pashure samadonhwe Varidza mhepo muvhenganiswa dzine H ₂ uye zvose pave pasirin'i.

A diki uremu uye kukura nezvimedu rehydrogen acharuramisira kukwanisa kwayo dawo kuburikidza siyana zvinhu. Muenzaniso iwoyo bhora iri nyore kuti vaviri mazuva pashure pokunge deflates pacharo akangouya gasi achapfuura nomunyika rabha. Uyewo, rehydrogen anogona kuunganidza ari maumbirwo dzimwe simbi (palladium kana Platinum), uye kana tembiricha vanomutsirwa sasana pairi.

Property rehydrogen zvishoma kushandiswa murabhoritari nokuda kwayo voga nzira bvikinyidza mvura. ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen (tafura akaenzanisira pazasi rine dzinokosha parameters) kutsanangura kwayo kwakaita kushanda uye nzira kugadzirira.

The isotopic sezvamunoita

Kufanana nevamwe nhengo periodic ezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvakawanda, rehydrogen rine zvakawanda dzinongoitika isotopes, i.e. maatomu pamwe chete nenhamba protons vari musimboti, asi zvakasiyana nhamba neutrons - inoramba pamwe razero uye chikwata nokuchengeta guru. Mienzaniso kwemaatomu ane zvakafanana pfuma - okisijeni, carbon, kuiisa chlorine, bromine uye zvakafanana, kusanganisira radioactive.

ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen ¹ H, kupfuura kwakapararira pakati vamiririri veboka iri yakasiyana avo zvainyanya dzimwe dzayo. Kunyanya, siyana zviri zvinhu umo ndevenyu. Saka, pane nguva dzose uye deuterated mvura ine kwayo sezvamunoita pachinzvimbo rehydrogen atomu rimwe chete hwepurotoni deuterium ² H - isotope maviri zvokutanga nezvimedu: akanaka uye uncharged. isotope Iri kaviri kunorema kupfuura zvenguva dzose rehydrogen, iro rinotsanangura musiyano inokosha iri ehupfumi pamusoro yeimwe zvavakanga kuumba. Yezvakaita deuterium inowanikwa 3200 nguva vashoma kupfuura rehydrogen. Third Rinomiririra - tritium, ³ H, ari chinoumba rine mbiri Purotoni rimwe Nyuturoni.

Nzira yako uye nevamwe

Laboratory uye maindasitiri nzira kubudisa rehydrogen zvakasiyana nokure. Saka, uwandu negasi duku anogadzirwa kushandisa wanda chokuita zvicherwa, uye pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa kuramba vachishandisa makemikari kwetunhu.

Zvinotevera nemakemikari zvinoshandiswa murabhoritari:

1. Zvinoitwa pasi alkali uye alkaline nesimbi nemvura kuumbika alkali uye hunokwanisa gasi.
2. The electrolysis ane aqueous electrolyte mhinduro panguva anode asunungurwa H ₂ ↑, uye cathode - okisijeni.
3. Manyowa hydrides ose alkali nesimbi nemvura, alkali uye zvigadzirwa vari ukuwo, gasi H ₂ ↑.
4. Kuita sanganisa asidhi pamwe simbi kuumbika munyu uye H ₂ ↑.
5. Kuitwa alkali pamusoro nesilicon, aruminiyamu zinc kunoitawo kuti kusunungurwa rehydrogen mu newokuti kuumba munyu dzakaoma.

In maindasitiri gasi vanobatsirwa yaunganidzwa mitoo yakadai:

1. Thermal manyowa kuti methane pamberi anowedzera kuti ayo constituent zvokutanga zvinhu (350 madhigirii kunosvika kukosha parameter akadai tembiricha) - rehydrogen H ₂ uye kabhoni C. ↑
2. Kupararira mvura mhute kubudikidza chemubhotoro pa 1000 ° C kuti aumbe carbon dioxide inobvisa CO ₂ uye H ₂ ↑ (vakawanda nzira).
3. Kutendeutsa methane gasi pamusoro nickel anowedzera pane kutonhora anosvika 800 inegumi.
4. Rehydrogen riri byproduct panguva electrolysis pamusoro aqueous mhinduro kubva potassium chloride kana yavaibvisa.

Chemical kwavatori: mukuru zvatinopiwa

ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen zvikuru kutsanangura maitiro ayo muzvirongwa kupindurwa imwe akakura. Valency rehydrogen riri 1, sezvo riri mu periodic table muboka rokutanga, uye rinoratidza zvakasiyana oxidation mamiriro. In yeimwe zvose, kunze hydrides, rehydrogen SD = (1+) mu mamorekuru pamusoro mhando CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A morekuru rehydrogen gasi, kuumbwa nokupa generalized Erekitironi peya, rinoumbwa maviri maatomu uye zvakanaka kugadzikana zvinoshingaira, nokuti ichi chikonzero pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu mamwe inert ari maitiro uye anopinda panguva dzekudya ezvinhu chinja. Zvichienderana mwero oxidation rehydrogen sezvo zvimwe zvinhu, inogona zvose somunhu oxidant uye reductant.

Zvinhu izvo vakaitei kuumba rehydrogen uye

Zvokuvamba kusakarongeka kuumba kunzwisisa zvinhu (kazhinji nenguva yakakwirira tembiricha):

1. The alkali uye alkaline pasi simbi + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = rehydrogen halide.
3. Nesarufa + = rehydrogen sulfide.
4. Okisijeni + _H2O = mvura.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = amoniya.

Kudyidzana pamwe kunzwisisa zvinhu:

1. Kugadzirira kwetunhu gasi kubva carbon monoxide uye rehydrogen.
2. Kuzoita simbi kubva oxides yavo H _2.
3. Rehydrogen saturation pamusoro unsaturated aliphatic Mahydrocarbon.

rehydrogen chisungo

ehupfumi Zvokunyama rehydrogen vakadaro kuti kubvumira izvozvo, kunyange maererano ane electronegative maatomu akafanana, kuti aumbe chaiwo mhando maererano chete atomu ari pedyo mamorekuru ane unshared Erekitironi majoko (semuenzaniso, okisijeni, senitrogen uye fluorine). The pachena muenzaniso ari nani Kutarira Fani iyi - zviri mvura. Zvinogona kunzi vaisona rehydrogen zvisungo vanodarikwa covalent kana Ionic, asi nokuti vakawanda vavo kuchikosha simba pamusoro ehupfumi kuti zvinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, rehydrogen ukama - ndiro electrostatic kukurukurirana, kuti runokusunganidzai mvura mamorekuru kupinda dimers uye Polymers, achiratidza ayo yakakwirira Kubika pfungwa.

Rehydrogen ari Zvinoumba chicherwa yeimwe

The Zvinoumba inorganic acids zvinosanganisira hwepurotoni - nokuo- nga atomu akadai sehydrogen. Fuma iine acid vakasara ine mwero oxidation kupfuura (-1) iri akati polybasic akakura. Parizvino pane dzakawanda rehydrogen maatomu, izvo zvinoita multistage dissociation mu aqueous mhinduro. Mumwe unozotevera hwepurotoni iine acid vakasara anoparadzanisa kubva kuoma. Kuti uwandu hydrogen tigutsikane mu zvakatipoteredza vagara vandifungira kwayo acidity.

Rehydrogen zvine hydroxyl mapoka uye zvigadziko. Vari chokuita hydrogen atomu reokisijeni, zvichiguma mwero oxidation zviri Zvakasara alkali nguva dzose kuenzana (-1). On zviri mapoka hydroxyl mumamiriro ezvinhu kunorondedzerwa kwayo basicity.

Kushandiswa basa kwevanhu

Sepombi vane fuma, uyewo midziyo nevamwe liquefied magasi akadai okisijeni, vane chaiyo chitarisiko. Yakasiya munhu darkish-nyoro ruvara ane piriviri "rehydrogen" lettering. Gas iri jekiseni kupinda chibharuma ari kumanikidzwa vanenge 150 atmospheres. ehupfumi zvokunyama rehydrogen, kunyanya nyore gaseous uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ehurumende uye rinoshandiswa kuti kuzadza navo musanganiswa nehelium Balloons, vachiridza Balloons, etc.

Rehydrogen, muviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako izvo vanhu vakadzidza kushandisa makore mazhinji akapfuura, panguva munyaya maindasitiri zhinji. uremu Its chikuru anoenda kugadzirwa amoniya. Uyewo rehydrogen rinobatanidzwa kugadzirwa nesimbi (hafnium, germanium, gallium, nesilicon, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, uye vamwe) pakati oxides, kutaura maitiro ari kuderedza mumiririri uye munyu hydrocyanic acid, methyl doro, uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa mvura mafuta. Zvokudya indasitiri anorishandisa kutendeutsa miriwo miti munzvimbo zvakasimba kwemafuta.

Rinotsanangurwa makemikari zvivako uye kushandisa rehydrogen mu hydrogenation siyana pezvakaitwa uye hydrogenation kwemafuta, marasha, Mahydrocarbon, mafuta uye rinorema mafuta mumarambi. Naye kubereka anokosha, incandescent, kupedza nokuchengetedza nomoto nesimbi zvigadzirwa pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu okisijeni-rehydrogen womoto.