Dynamite ndiyo yakagadzirwa naAlfred Nobel

Dynamite inokosha inoputika musanganiswa, inobva ku nitroglycerin. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti muhupenyu hwayo hwakakwana ichi chinhu chakanyanya kuipa. Kunyangwe kuisa mucherechedzo zvakasimba ne nitroglycerin kunoita kuti ive yakachengeteka yekuchengetedza uye kushandiswa, yakakodzera kushandisa. Uyewo, dynamite inogona kuva nezvimwe zvinhu. Sezvo mutemo, mashesi akaumbwa ane chimiro chegurinda uye akaiswa mupepa kana plastiki.

Kugadzirwa kweDynamite

Chiitiko chinokosha pakugadzirwa kweDynamite kwaiva kuwanikwa kwe nitroglycerin. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1846. Uyo akawana akanga ari chemistri kubva kuItaly, Ascanio Sobrero. Nokuda kwekuputika kwakasimba, akabva atanga kuvaka zvigadzirwa pasi rose. Mumwe wavo akavhurwa muRussia. Dzimba dzemakemikari Zinin naPetrushevsky vakatsvaka nzira yekuishandisa nayo zvakanaka. Mumwe wevadzidzi vavo aiva Alfred Nobel.

Muna 1863, Nobel akawana detonator capsule, iyo yakaita nyore nyore kushandiswa kwekuti nitroglycerin inoshanda. Izvi zvakagadziriswa kuburikidza nekushandura kuputika nekubatsirwa kwekutengesa mercury. Vanhu vazhinji nhasi vanofunga kuti kuwanikwa kweNobel kunokosha kudarika kuwanikwa kwe dynamite.

Iye pachake dynamite chiSweden chemistist patentamende muna 1867. Kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rekupedzisira raishandiswa sechinhu chakanyanya kuputika kana kushanda mumakomo uye, hongu, mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Dynamite iri kufamba-famba nenyika

Nguva yekutanga yekushandisa dynamite yezvinangwa zvehondo yakakurudzirwa naNobel pachake mugore raakapa patende. Zvisinei, ipapo pfungwa yacho yaifungidzirwa isina kubudirira, sezvo isina ngozi.

Pakawanda mune zvemabhizimisi, kubudiswa kweDynamite kwakatanga muna 1869. Imwe yekutanga yekushandisa iyo vashandi veRussia vashandi. Sekunge muna 1871, yakashandiswa pakubviswa kwemalahle uye zinc ore.

Izwi rekugadzirwa kwedhinite rakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana muna 1867 11 mamatani akabudiswa, zvino mushure memakore mashanu - 1570 matani, uye muna 1875 yakave yakagadzirwa kusvika 8 000 tani.

Izvo zvekuti dynamite inguvo yakanakisisa yakatanga kunzwisiswa nemaGermany. Vakatanga kurira nhare nemabhiriji, zvichiita kuti kushandiswa kwayo neFrench. Muna 1871, zvinhu izvi zvakaputika zvakaonekwa mumauto eunjiniya eAustria-Hungary.

Chii chinonzi dynamite chinowanikwa?

Pakarepo apo vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika uye nyika yehondo vakaziva izvo zvakabatanidzwa muDynamite, ivo vanobva vatanga kugadzirwa. Ramba uchichibudisa nhasi. Mazuva ano iyo makaridhiji anorema kusvika magiramu 200, anogona kushandiswa kwehafu yegore. Iko kune-yepamusoro-yezana uye yakaderera-yezana zvinhu.

Kunyange zvazvo kuumbwa kweDynamite kwakasiyana kubva kumagadziri kusvika kune unogadzira, zvikamu zvaro zvakanyanya zvakasara hazvina kuchinjwa.

Icho chikuru ndechekusanganiswa kwe nitro. Yakanga ishandiswa kugadziridza chisviniro. Yaiva ine nitroglycerin uye dinitrogicol. Ichi ndicho chikamu chikuru, izvo zvakatora kusvika ku40% yehuremu. Chikamu chinotevera maererano nehuwandu ndiAmmonium nitrate (kusvika 30%), inenge 20% yakaenda kune nitrate sodium. Zvimwe zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa kuita zvishoma: nitrocellulose, upfu hwehuni, balsa uye talc.

Dynamite pakushumira kwemhosva

Mumwe wekutanga kutanga anzwisise kuti chii chinonzi dynamite, mhombwe yemakumbo ose nemasangano emagandanga. Imwe yezvakaipa zvekutanga zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwekuputika uku kwakaitika muUnited States muna 1875. Mukepe weAmerica William Kong-Thomassen akaedza kuderedza chikepe cheMosel, chakanga chaenda kugungwa, kuti chiwane inshuwarisi. Kunyange zvakadaro, chirongo chinonzi self-made dynamite chakabudirira muchiteshi panguva yekutakurwa. Dambudziko rakauraya vanhu 80.

Zvisinei, kukanganisa kwekutanga hakuna kumisa vatungamiri vepasi nevegandanga. Kubvira muna 1883 kusvika muna 1885, nhengo ye sangano rinopisa simba iro raifarira kuparadzana kweIreland kubva kuUnited States, rakarongedza mhirizhonga uchishandisa dynamite. Kunosanganisira kuputika muDare guru rePiritain mapurisa Scotland Yard uye kuedza kuderedza London Bridge.

Vakashandisa izvi zvinhu uye varwisana nehurumende muRussia. Kunyanya, bato "Narodnaya Volya". MuEurope, dynamite yakashandiswa zvikuru nevanarchists.

Kuzivikanwa kweDynamite kunowira

Kwemakore mazhinji, vazhinji vashandi vekutengesa vaidavira kuti dynamite ndiyo inonyanya kuputika mumigodhi nekuwana mishonga mitsva. Akamira mumakwikwi emunyupeter kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Mune dzimwe nyika - kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma80. Somuenzaniso, dynamite yakakurumbira zvikuru kuSouth Africa. Yakashandiswa pano mumigodhi yegoridhe. Sekare ikozvino kusvika kune makumi mapfumbamwe, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwemasangano ehurumende, mazhinji emiti acho akaendeswa kunzvimbo yakachengeteka ye nitrate-based explosive.

MuRussia, dynamite yakanga yakawanda yakabudiswa mushure meGreat Patriotic War. Kunyanya kufarirwa chaive chakaoma-kutumbuka. Kubva kumabhizimisi emombe, zvinyorwa zvinoputika zvakashandiswa chete muma1960.

Kune nyika dzakawanda, dynamite inogona kutenga uye inoshandiswa nyore kushandisa. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu akaenderera kwemakore anoda kusvika zana. Kusvika iye zvino, dynamite haina inopfuura 2% yehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwezvipuka zvose munyika.