Doro: kudya Rinoshanda. Keynesian kunwa basa

Yorukosoro, kunwa kushanda - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha Dzidziso ano zvoupfumi dzidziso. Nzira dzakasiyana kuti kururamiswa rokuti vatungamirire kuti zvinokosha chaizvo kusabvumirana kunzwisisa kwayo womukati chaizvo.

Pfungwa zvinodyiwa uye mari

nemari uye kunwa mabasa vari zvikuru kunzwisisa musimboti pamusika upfumi mu mhirikiro ayo akasiyana. In vakawanda chimiro norukosoro ichaongororwa sezvo mari hwakapedzerwa mamiriro ichi, chinangwa chikuru iyo - kutenga zvinhu uye kunwa chero basa. Uyewo zvikuru ndeyokuti kuti zvinhu izvi uye mabasa anoshandiswa kungotaurwa kusangana wacho uye seboka zvinhu uye zvavanoda pakunamata.

Yorukosoro, kunwa basa iri pedyo chaizvo ukama mashandiro nemari. Iyewo, chinhu asi, sezvo chikamu zvichizoita mari zvimwe zvinhu kuti panguva ino chaiyo nguva iri tsva uye munhu anonzi kuchengeteka chairarirwa kuti zuva kuchinaya. Panguva iyoyowo, dzimwe mari zvinogona paakapiwa ne vagari dzakasiyana zvirongwa, akatendeuka panguva imweyo mari. Ndiro simba uye kudyidzana pakati zvinhu hwenyika sezvo kuparadzwa, mari uye mari, uye mumwe matambudziko huru kuti rwaigara vasayendisiti uye nezvoupfumi of XX uye XXI emakore. A rinokosha yakanga reDare basa D. Keynes.

The chikuru zvokudya JM Keynes

D. Keynes anonzi mumwe mukufambisira upfumi sayenzi yomuzana remakore inokosha. mupiro wake yokungotaura substantiation ose akasiyana-siyana macroeconomic nyaya vakaona anoverengeka National uye dzemarudzi mibayiro, uyewo nechitarisiko rinokosha rokuti - "Keynesianism" rinoshandiswa kureva nzvimbo chaiyo iri chiNazi dzekare dzidziso.

Keynesian kunwa basa - rinongova rimwe zvokudya zvayo neoclassical pfungwa. Chaizvoizvo waro, kune rumwe rutivi, kusvikira chokwadi kuti chero musika hurongwa priori isina, uye pane dzimwe - kuti tinofanira kushingaira mutemo wehurumende pamusoro murau kupindira mune hurongwa. Kumutsa kudiwa, musayendisiti akataura mubasa rake, hurumende ine mukana nekukurumidza kukunda dambudziko. Kuparadzwa, okuponesa uye mari unobatsira iyi, chinhu chaizvo basa rinokosha.

Basa wokuponesa uye kunwa sezvo chinokosha paumbwe kunobudirira kudiwa

In ake yokungotaura Masvomhu D. Keynes akabva pakuti huru dambudziko chero kwoupfumi dzidziso iri kuumba pakati nepakati nemushonga uye kudiwa, pamwe wokutanga shoma inofanira kuva pamberi wechipiri. Uyewo, inoshanda kudiwa - nayo idanho rinokosha kune zvachose kuwedzera huwandu mari yenyika, ndoupiko unonyanya kukosha basa chero mamiriro mumusika upfumi.

Saka Keynesian vapera basa - ndiyo hwaro pakukura nzanga yose zvayo. A rakakura pakuita dudziro yacho yakakodzera uye Implementation hunogara pamwe nehurumende.

Zvinodyiwa uye ayo mamiriro

In tichienzanisa nemari uye mari, kuparadzwa, vapera basa kuridza zvikuru basa rinokosha mune chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa chero nyika. Maererano achangopfuura data, rinongova pamusoro 50%, ukuwo muUnited States munyika yedu - anenge 70%. Saka, kunwa - inokosha chokukomborerwa musika ukama uye ukuru wehurumende zvinobatsirawo zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa munyika.

Kudyiwa mapatani kazhinji zvinosanganisira zvose mari imwe mhuri. Zvisinei, kuti zvive nyore kuongorora epamba kudyiwa mudziyo munyika, kazhinji kusiyanisa mapoka makuru akawanda nhumbi uye mabasa, padanho pakuunganidza iyo vakawanda rakakamurwa mapoka akawanda. Zvinofungirwa kuti yakatarwa kwenhumbi uye mabasa yakatengwa mhuri imwe neimwe yakananga - rakasiyana nemamwe, saka zvinonyatsorehwa kuongorora akashandisa anonzi muenzaniso rinodyiwa chaitika.

Engel wokuenzanisira: mamiriro uye kushanda

Model, iyo inorondedzera kudyiwa basa iri dzezvoupfumi, zvakazivikanwa sezvo Engel womuenzaniso, pashure akakurumbira Nhamba German yechipiri yezana XIX remakore kubudikidza E. Engel.

The musayendisiti German, mukuronga mitemo yavo pachavo, inobva ndechokuti boka ravo mari kukoshesa vari zvinotevera kuti: zvokudya, zvipfeko, imba (imba), zvekufambisa, utano uye dzidzo misangano, akaunganidza mari.

Zvisinei, Engel kwete chete kuzivikanwa mapoka aya, asi akaratidzawo ronga muenzaniso: Kana mhuri mari pamusoro imwe nguva kunowedzera, zvokudya mari zvichaita kunowedzerawo, kuderedza basa ravo zvachose maumbirwo rinodyiwa. Zvisinei, chinonyanya nokukurumidza pamwe nokuwedzera zveminda vanofanira kukura mari, sezvo, maererano Engel vaJehovha, vari boka hwomutambarakede nhumbi.

Keynesian kunwa basa: huru zvikonzero kufurira kusarudza kukosha vagari

Zvisinei, D. Keynes yakakurumbira kubvumirana pfungwa Engel, vakamutumidza zvikuru rapera chitarisiko uye mathematically rukasimbiswa. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, kudyiwa vagara vandifungira zvinhu zvinotevera.

Chekutanga, ndivo zveminda kuti vari vagari pashure kuripwa zvose fanira mitero uye mari kusvika hurumende. Izvi mari kuraswa - hwaro yemberi mari vemunyika.

Chechipiri, Keynes vapera basa rinobatanidzwa kukosha chakarurama yakadaro sezvo nhamba mwero mari (kureva kuparadzwa) kusvika zvachose kwemari. chinhu ichi anonzi avhareji propensity uchapedza, uye, maererano musayendisiti, reshiyo ichi vanofanira zvishoma nezvishoma kuderera pamwe kuwedzera mari.

Pakupedzisira, Chechitatu, Keynes zvakananga akatanga chinhu dzakadai chaiyeiye nenhanho propensity kudya. reshiyo Izvi zvinoratidza inorwara kudyiwa iri mari kuti mugari akagashira zvinopfuura dzavo dzekare mari.

The inokosha postulates pamusoro Keynes

Yorukosoro, kunwa basa, izvo kwakasimbiswa uye akaratidza mathematically inonyatsozivikanwa Economist, akatungamirira pakugumisa kuti pamwe kukura dzeimba mari ikawanda ayo mari iri rinodyiwa. Zvisinei, uye ichi - chikuru pfungwa Keynes, kwete ose okuwedzera mari richaperera pamusoro norukosoro, chikamu zvingava zviri mari uye inivhesitimendi. Huru zvinhu achifurira kuparadzirwa akatakurwa musayendisiti ichi zvinotevera:

1. Kunwa - ndiro chinhu chinoratidza nzira youpenyu kunyanya murombo uye makirasi pakati. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro vepamusoro pano anenge zvose mamwe mari ichichinja mari kana inivhesitimendi.
2. Kunwa kunotsamira kwete mharidzo pachake uye mhuri, asiwo magariro kwezvakatipoteredza. Rakaratidza kuti kunyange vanhu vane kwete chaizvo mukuru mari vanowanza (kanenge aoma) kutenga zvinhu vakatodzidza chesekondari uye yakakwirira strata munzanga, kuita somunhu mhando evanhu vomureza. Ndokusaka kazhinji mwero mari apasi strata kure pasi kunyange chii vave.
3. Izvi mari pamwero akawira manwiro kuchawedzera panguva kukuru mwero pane ikawira panzvimbo neizvi muitiro.

Huru mhedziso kubva postulates ava Keynes ndiye kushaya yakananga vachikwira (kana ichiburuka) hukama pakati kuwedzera mhuri mari uye kunwa kukura.

Graphical kumiririrwa mashandiro

All dambudziko zvekungofungira uye hypotheses Keynes vakawana dzinobvumirana zvakanaka kudyiwa papurogiramu. Kunwa purogiramu basa iri yakarurama mutsetse, riri pana necheparutivi kune chinjikira akabatana, kukosha iyo idukusa 45 °, zvakawanda dzakabudirira musika uyu panyaya vanhu.

Virtual pfungwa iyo intersects zvinotarisirwa yokuita zvinhu, zvose yacho vakaenda pasi izvo kuti kuparadzwa, inonzi pana iyo hakuna mari, asi mhuri hakuiti kwezvikwereti. Kurudyi basa iri mapazi rekuva mari uye akasiya - kunaka, kureva, munhu akadaro anomanikidzwa atore zvikwereti kuti azopiwa kanenge kumboenda zvakanaka.

kunwa basa iri mutsetse kuratidzirwa kurutivi rworudyi. Kuti ndizive padanho norukosoro, zvakafanira kuverenga chinhambwe kubva and-akabatana kusvika muna mubvunzo. Panguva iyoyo quantified mumari inogona akaverenga, wakati vatema mashandiro kuna bisector.

Psychological mutemo Keynes

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, musayendisiti American akatanga mune zvesayenzi pfungwa "shoma propensity uchapedza", rinova quotient pakati kudyiwa kukura kuti mari. Imhaka ukama ichi yakabuda akakurumbira "mupfungwa mutemo Keynes".

Musimboti mutemo uyu kunosimbisa purogiramu kudyiwa - dzakanga padanho mari imwe munhu kana chimwe mhuri, ruzhinji dzimwe mari idzi kuenda kupinda nemari. Maererano mari mamiriro anogona vachatongwa se mhuri kugarika sandara uye mwero zvoupfumi wapasi muvanhu.

mutemo uyu zvinosimbisa zvakare akagadzira mukati XIX remakore, nheyo utility. Consumer utility basa kunopiwa ukama kugutsikana zvose zvakanakira uye uwandu vawana zvinhu uye mabasa. The yakakwirira padanho mari, uye mwero kushanda ari vawana zvinhu kumusoro.