Dinosaurs akafa? Kana dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika?

Dinosaurs - zvisikwa yekare kuti akazviratidza panyika anenge mamiriyoni 225 apfuura. Kwemakore mamiriyoni 160, mhuka idzi vakatonga nyika. kutsakatika nguva akatora makore anenge mamiriyoni 5, uye ikozvino nemakore anenge mamiriyoni 65 munyika havasi mhuka. Kune hypotheses zhinji nei dinosaurs akanyangarika. Akafa uye vakaguma kuvapo, mhuka idzi zvichakurukurwa munyaya nyaya yedu.

Pakuonekwa dinosaurs

Earth yaigarwa siyana mhando nemhuka mabhiriyoni 3 years ago. Mune shanduka zvinomera nemhuka auye muende, uye mumwe muitiro iine nguva pepuranga pachavo uye nguva. Dinosaurs akararama panyika iri Mesozoic nguva - ndiye Triassic, Jurassic uye Cretaceous nguva.

Yokutanga zvirimwa nyore ndivo algae, uye mhuka wekutanga - diki clams. Chimiro hove yakaitika anenge mamiriyoni 500 apfuura. Anenge mamiriyoni 370 apfuura akauya wokutanga mhuka nyika - amphibians. Zvinokambaira - mutsva boka remhuka, iyo yakabuda anenge mamiriyoni 300 apfuura. Mhuka dzaiva scaly ganda, vanogona mazai uye kugara panyika. Akatevera chuma yemhindumupindu vava dinosaurs. mhuka yakatotsakatika zvakasimbisa kukura sayenzi akadai paleontology.

Tsanangudzo dinosaurs

Mumwe mhuka zvinoshamisa kuti akararama pasi pano, vari dinosaurs. Sei kuva yakatotsakatika uye sei vakararama, mhuka idzi huru inogona kutongwa chete zvisaririra zvemhuka mapfupa. Maererano chinyorwa, tinogona kugumisa kuti vakanga zvinokambaira, kufanana makarwe, madzvinyu, nenjiva uye nenyoka. Size dinosaurs zvichisiyana pamusoro zvakawanda - kubva duku kusvikira rwehofori. Vaiva makumbo mana muswe. Amire unomutsa dinosaurs pamusoro yakarurama makumbo, mumwe - pamakumbo ayo hadzi, mumwe - ose mana, vamwe vaigona kufamba zvose zviviri uye maoko nemakumbo mana. dinosaurs vakawanda refu mitsipa uye meno. dzinogarisana kwave kuchikosha, asi makore 65,000 apfuura, ivo Reururai nokutsakatika.

Dinosaurs vari mapoka mapoka maviri: saurischia uye Ornithischia. boka musiyano iri nemamiriro mapfupa pelvic. In saurischia dainoso chiuno yakarongeka chetyrohluchevoe, apo ornithischian - trohluchevoe. Mune dzimwe mhando ornithischian aiva nenyanga, yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, nenhumbi dzokurwa nadzo.

The chidzoke kufarira dinosaurs

Muna 30-ies ari XIX remakore, zvakanzi kutanga vawana zvisaririra zvemhuka zvasara dinosaurs. Ipapo vanochera matongo havana vachikoshesa zvikuru kukosha kwavari, uye chete pashure nguva zvakava pachena kuti zvisaririra izvi ndezvaani mhuka vekare. The chaizvo yokuti "dainoso" wakatangwa kuBritain wemhuka Richard Owen ari pakati XIX remakore. Kubva Latin "dainoso" rinoreva "vanotyisa", "ngozi", "zvinotyisa", asi mutauro wechiGiriki - "Raptor", "negoroodyo". Kubvira ipapo, kufarira mhuka idzi anogara kukura. Makore mazhinji sei ago dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu inopiwa sayenzi paleontology. Ancient mhuka kudzidza Vanotsvakurudza, starred ari firimu, vanova magamba mabhuku. Uye pasinei kudai kufarira kuti mubvunzo kuti nei dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika, mhinduro chaiyo kwete.

Nguva dinosaurs

Panoperera iri Permian nguva yakanga paumbwe imwe kondinendi chete - Pangea. A maitiro kuchiitwa nguva ino ine pose kuputika basa uye kunyangarika vanenge 90% mhuka. Best dzakashandisa itsva ezvinhu nezvinokambaira. At pakutanga Triassic zvinokambaira akazviratidza boka rinonzi "pelycosaur". Pakazosvika makore Triassic nguva vakachinja boka nezvinokambaira anonzi "therapsids". In kufanana therapsid yakatanga mutsva boka nezvinokambaira - archosaurs. boka iri nezvinokambaira baba zvose dinosaurs, pliosaurs, crocodylomorpha, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs uye placodont. Zvinotevera mhando nezvinokambaira ainzi thecodonts uye yave dzakashandisa upenyu panyika. Uye kwavari avo budiriro dinosaurs. mhuka yakatotsakatika kunge chakatorwa zvakanaka uye vakatora chikuru nzvimbo munyika, nemvura uye mudenga.

Panguva Triassic, pakanga zvinotevera mhando dinosaurs: tselofizis, mussaurus uye procompsognathus. We kuumba ichishanduka muriwo dinosaurs.

Mhuka pakukura vaigara Jurassic munguva. Mukupera Jurassic nguva, akatanga kuzviratidza mhuka yenyika - Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, uye vamwe.

In Cretaceous mumakungwa uye makungwa vanova zvakapararira chayabata nezvinokambaira. Kune mhando itsva dinosaurs.

Mugumo

Cretaceous munguva - nguva kubudirira Rafa dzvinyu, pterodakteley mhepo uye zvomumvura nezvinokambaira. Panoperera yacho Cretaceous nguva, pane mahwanda iri kondinendi yose Pangea Gondwana uye Laurasia. climate Earth vakava kutonhora zvikuru panguva matanda vari kuumbwa echando nguwani. Kune maruva zvinomera, uye anowedzera uwandu nezvipembenene.

izvi zvose zvakakonzera kuti kutsakatika zhinji chirimwa uye mhuka duku, kusanganisira dinosaurs. Havazivi kuva yakatotsakatika kurara, asi kana iwe funga kuti kwavo kwaizoita kwemakore mamiriyoni 160, Kutsakatika kwavo kwakaitika asi nokukurumidza. Zvinokonzera dambudziko yakaitika Cretaceous nguva, achiri kwete pachena.

Asi kana dinosaurs zvose vakava yakatotsakatika? Vazukuru zvinokambaira dzekare vava huripo nemakarwe, madzvinyu uye shiri. Shiri yokutanga akaonekwa Cretaceous paraiitwa, uye pakazopera yaitonga kare dzakabudirira plumage. Kana dinosaurs, shiri vakatora pamusoro Baton yemhindumupindu.

Astrophysical kutsakatika pfungwa

Asteroid chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana shanduro. Its nokuwa nguva rinobatana paumbwe imwe mwena Chiksulub (Mexico, vokuYucatán). Zviitiko izvi zvakaitika pamakore anenge mamiriyoni 65 akapfuura, panguva apo dinosaurs akava nokutsakatika. Zvichida asteroid akakonzera kuparadza zviito, saka kuti paiva vakawanda kutsakatika kuchaita zvose upenyu.

Pfungwa ine vakawanda donhwe rinoti asteroid donhwe kwakaitika kakawanda. Mukuwedzera pane Crater Chicxulub mwena Shiva muna Indian Ocean, iyo yakaumbwa yakakomba nguva. pfungwa Ndokusaka kutsakatika kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma.

Asi pane shanduro imwe supernova kuputika uye kudhumhana munhu kometi chete Earth.

Geological uye okunze kutsakatika pfungwa

On nyika kwaiva kuchinja munguva apo dinosaurs akatanga kunyangarika. Sezvo mhuka yakatotsakatika presupposes dzidziso shanduko avhareji yegore negore uye pamwaka tembiricha. vanhu Large vanoda noushamwari uye equable okunze. Volcanic basa kungaita kuchinja mune anoumba chadenga uye kukonzera inokudza maturo. Large kuputika dota aigona pave nekukurukurirana kuputika yechando, saka kuchinja jekeso wenyika. Chinokosha achideredza pamusoro pegungwa, kutonhora gungwa, kuchinja Zvinoumba yomugungwa nokusvetuka Earth rinonzi magnetic field aigona kubatsira kutsakatika yacho dainoso.

Shanduka-chaivo pfungwa kutsakatika

Mumwe hypotheses kuti boka inoomerera ezvinhu panowanikwa vakawanda nechirwere. Zvinogoneka kuti dinosaurs kugona kuchinja changing zvinomera, zvichiita chepfu. Mikana kuparadzwa mazai uye wayo wokutanga Mbeswa mhuka. Asi pane shanduro panguva Ice Age kunge akanyangarika vanhukadzi. Masayendisiti aronga imwe shanduro rufu dinosaurs - femo: mumhepo rave unopinza kuderera okisijeni.

Nei dinosaurs kutsakatika?

Nei dinosaurs kutsakatika? Sezvo izvi yakatotsakatika mhuka vekare? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi vanopa siyana nedzidziso uye hypotheses, asi hapana haapinduri mibvunzo zvose zvizere. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kutsakatika kwemarudzi vakatanga refu asati njodzi, uye isinganzwisisiki pfungwa iyi mubvunzo. Zhinji dzidziso havasi Data chaidzo, dzakadai iri pfungwa nyanza regression kana kuchinja remagineti. Kushaya kukwana chinyorwa anogona kupa mufananidzo akavhiringika.

Kusanganisa hypotheses zvinowanisa kunzwisisa. Pfungwa, kureva mumwe, kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda, uye mufananidzo nguva yakawanda verengeka uye hwakadzama.

Muitiro yemhindumupindu - kutsakatika kuchaita dzidzo yekare uye itsva - Serial. Uye muitiro yemhindumupindu pakati dinosaurs kuguma Cretaceous nguva isati kwakaitika zvoga. Asi vamwe chikonzero, panguva kuguma Cretaceous nguva, akare siyana kufa, uye mutsva haana kuonekwa, uye, sezvo zvakaguma paiva kutsakatika zvachose izvi mhuka.

Mumaonero paleontology

kutsakatika kukuru shanduro inobva zvinotevera:

1. The kwaita maruva zvinomera.
2. Zvishoma nezvishoma Climate Change anokonzerwa vasakukurwa pamusoro makondinendi.

Maererano nyika nesayenzi, muenzaniso unotevera kuchengetwa. Dzakabudirira mudzi Tsika maruva nemiti yavo yakanakisisa kwadzakabva nevhu nokukurumidza yakatsiva mamwe marudzi zvinomera. Vakatanga kuonekwa zvipembenene kuti kufura maruva zvinomera uye nezvipembenene kare paaizooneka rakatanga kunyangarika.

The mudzi gadziriro maruva rakatanga kukura uye kudzivisa chirongwa kukurwa kwevhu. Yenyika akarega usapfuura, uye nyanza vakarega kuuya inotonhorera zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti Kuparadzwa penyanza algae uye rufu, izvo zvaizoitawo muri Vanoburitsa biomass mugungwa. Mumvura, paiva kutyorwa mararamiro, izvo zvakaita kuti vakawanda kutsakatika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinobhururuka zvinokambaira kufanana mugungwa, saka kutsakatika nengetani rwakapararira kwavari. On nyika vakaedza kuchinja kuti girini guru. Akatanga kuoneka mhuka duku uye zvikara vashoma saizi. Zviri kutyisidzira dainoso vana sezvo mazai uye wayo dinosaurs akava zvokudya zvikara akaoneka. Somugumisiro, zvinhu zvakasikwa, akaipa nokuti kwaita itsva kwemarudzi.

Kana dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika, Mesozoic nguva yapera, zviri pamusoro uye zvinoshingaira tectonic, okunze uye shanduka basa.

Children uye dinosaurs

Kufarira mhuka kare harisi chete vakuru asiwo vana. Nhasi, basa racho "Sei dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika?" Chiri vanobatanidzwa purogiramu chevana uye makirasi chepuraimari. Yokusiyana basa iri kuti mwana ave vanozviita mano zvishande, vachitsvaka mhinduro dzemibvunzo uye zivo itsva. Mubvunzo nei dinosaurs vakava yakatotsakatika, vana sezvo kuziva uyewo masayendisiti. Kufarira zvikurukuru nokuti kuti mhuka idzi panyika nhasi hapana mhinduro chaiyo kune mubvunzo pamusoro zvinokonzera Kutsakatika avo vasati vagamuchira.