Ose dinosaurs nemazita okuremekedza, rondedzero

Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti vertebrates vagere redu pamusoro Makore mamiriyoni 500., 200 mln. Of navo kwaizoita nezvinokambaira yekare inonzi dinosaurs. Pane imwe nguva, kuti zvinokambaira dzekare ndivo korona pakasikwa mai hunhu, uye avo nhungirwa - dinosaurs - kunyange raimiririra porusvingo kukura vose zvinokambaira kuti nokusingaperi kugarwa ino. Mhando dzose dinosaurs, uyewo nzira yavo youpenyu, akasiyana nguva vakabudirira mumwe, uye zvisikwa chabatsira zvavo kuchinja zvose zvitsva upenyu.

Ndivanaani paleontologists?

Usati ndinoziva, chii vari mhando dinosaurs kuti akararama pasi redu panguva dzakasiyana, unofanira kuziva kwainobva zvose vakatanga. Kudzidza upenyu zvaibva epochs kure, sainzi anobata paleontology. zita raro rinobva echiGiriki okuti matatu: "Palaios" - yekare, "Ontos" - kuva "Logos" - shoko. Vanhu vaiita zvesayenzi ichi, rinonzi paleontologists. basa ravo ndiwo zvishoma akafanana mutikitivha basa: ne vakapararira nezvimedu uye zvisaririra paleontologists vanofanira kudzorera mufananidzo rose zvekare eras. A rakakura pakuita izvi reDare kunzwisisa kwavo, pamwe kufunga uye fungidziro.

Kunyange vasingakoshi zvinhu vanoda kunyatsodzidza. Paleontologists kuunganidza navo Zvishoma nezvishoma. Uyu zvakarurama painstaking uye rakaoma basa, nekuti vazhinji zviitiko zvekare aenda zvachose, kwete kunyange kusiya chimwe aitodada namatombo. Zviri Vongai kuitwa vanhu ava, tinogona kudzidza kuti chii anobvumirwa kamwe kugarwa kwakaitwa nyika, kworudzii dainoso ikoko, zvavari sokunge, sei kwavaigara, vakanga vachivhima sei kuponesa avo kana nedzimwe ngozi. Paleontologists vakakwanisa recreate mufananidzo Zvishoma nezvishoma munyika guru Nguva dinosaurs.

How kusika Nguva dinosaurs?

Chokwadi, marudzi ose dinosaurs uye rudzi branching kwavari munguva guru zera nezvinokambaira, tisina hwakawanda uye kwakapararira, kana nyika yedu haina dzakabudirira uye haina kuumbwa zvakanaka. Dinosaur Nguva inogona kukamurwa akawanda nguva. A kumboongorora mumwe nomumwe wavo.

• Archaea. Uyu ndiye wokutanga, tanga nguva. Ndiyo pfungwa bhuku kubva iyo zvinobva munhambo nezvinokambaira. Panguva ino, nyika chete vakatanga simuka upenyu, kwakauya Kushanduka chete-celled zvinenge.
• Proterozoic. Panguva iyi, nyika yakatanga kuonekwa mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye zvinomera.
• YeCambrian. The yeCambrian upenyu Panyika akatanga kukura vachishingairira, paiva algae uye hwemvura invertebrates.
• Ordovician. Zviri kuti nguva Kunoonekwa pakuonekwa wokutanga vertebrates panyika venyama.
• Silurian. Munguva Silurian nguva, invertebrates uye mamwe marudzi vanotamira kubva mvura nenyika.
• Devon. nguva ino kunoratidzwa chimiro gymnosperms, uyewo mhuka dzakadai amphibians, arachnids (madandaude, mites), tumbuyu.
• Karbon. Hazvina kubva pano rinobva paraiitwa nezvinokambaira yekare. Zvinokambaira, akaonekwa iyi, rakakamurwa matavi matatu: anapsid, Synapsid, Diapsid. Panguva iyoyo panyika vakatanga kubuda kuti Conifers vokutanga uye zvinobhururuka nezvipembenene.
• Perm. Permian nguva kwakaratidzwa pakuonekwa wokutanga zvipembenene, notupukanana, zvisikwa Hymenoptera, okutanga madzvinyu diki uye mangwanani archosaurs.
• Trias. Paleontologists vakaona kuti panguva ino nyika yedu yakatanga vazadze Nhunzi rokutanga, apo pakupedzisira amphibian yekare - stegocephalia - vakava nokutsakatika. Tiri kufa uye vamiririri veboka anapsid. Muna Triassic nguva vaiva nemakarwe vokutanga, nenjiva, kubhururuka zvinokambaira, mhuka uye, chokwadi, zviri dinosaurs.
• Jura. Jurassic munguva - munhu werudzii ndopakaperawo wemakore dinosaurs. Panguva ino panyika pakanga angiosperms, akatanga zvinobhururuka kungozvifunga, akaberekwa dzimwe amphibians ano (zvakafanana rwegirini datya), chero yekare shiri (Archeopteryx), uye chokwadi, mhando itsva dinosaurs. Mugore Jurassic nguva akava yakatotsakatika okupedzisira vamiririri boka Synapsid.
• Mel. Angiosperms pakupedzisira akakunda nyika. Paiva ano mhando dzemasvosve uye mosikito. Uyewo, Cretaceous nguva - ndiwo magumo guru zera nezvinokambaira: panguva ino paiva kutsakatika pakati dinosaurs, zvomumvura zvinokambaira, ivo pterosaurs wakakwana. It Cretaceous nguva kwakaratidzwa chitarisiko dzimwe mhuka ano, nyika yedu vakatanga kukunda akangwara uye akanaka mhuka itsva - placental mhuka, marsupials uye shiri.

subclass anapsid

Pasi asati akatanga kugara munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dinosaurs, wakapfuura makore mazhinji, zvainanga paumbwe vanonzi mazita muti zvinotyisa madzvinyu. Kupfuura kare uye chinonyanya chinyakare boka kunoonekwa sechinhu subclass anapsid. Just cherechedza kuti hapana mumiririri kuroorwa boka iri havana kurarama chimiro mumwe kana mumwe kusvikira nhasi. Recent anapsid vakava yakatotsakatika vanenge mamiriyoni 200. Makore akapfuura. Zvino Triassic.

subclass Synapsid

Kubva mudzi anapsid akaparadzanisa bazi rechipiri shanduka nezveramangwana dinosaurs - Synapsid. Kukirasi ichi vaiva madzitateguru ekare mhuka. Asi vakanga vakatondeswa kunyura kupinda yokukanganwa. Saka, zvinosuwisa, asingaoni kubudirira zvizvarwa zvavo - mhuka ano, izvo ndeyedu - vanhu. Zvino Jurassic munguva.

subclass Diapsid

Pave paya Synapsid kubva mujinga hunde ane bazi idzva roga yekare - Diapsid. nhema dzayo kusiyana mune chokwadi chokuti chinhu subclass kuna Diapsid rakakamurwa pamatavi maviri - ari archosaurs uye lepidosauria. Lepidosauria - boka mhuka vanogara panyika uye mumazuva edu: tuatara (madzvinyu vekare), nyoka, nenjiva. Asi kwete vose lepidosauria kukwanisa kurarama munguva yedu, pakati pavo pane zvinozivikanwa yakatotsakatika siyana dzakadai plesiosaurs - zvomumvura zvikara pamwe refu mitsipa. Maererano nengano, wokuScotland Loch Florida achiri mupenyu oga pamusoro plesiosaur ainzi Nessie, asi kuti chimwe nyaya.

Branch archosaurs vaiva makarwe nezvimwe zvinokambaira vekare, kusanganisira marudzi ose kubhururuka dinosaurs, madzvinyu uye pasi. Archosaurs - ndicho dinosaurs kukosha nguva, vamwe zvisikwa zvinokambaira, kupfuura yepamusoro zvinokambaira nguva chinonyanya siyana uye zvinoshamisa. Sezvineiwo, vose dinosaurs akafa, uye havana kurarama kusvikira nhasi, zvisinei, pari Panyika kurarama wandei mhando garwe yekare, akachengetedzwa kubva nguva dzakawanda! Ndezvipi izvi kunozivikanwa dinosaurs? Tinopa iwe kupfuura unoshamisa mhando dinosaurs uye tsananguro dzavo.

rugare Diplodocus

Ichi mumiririri boka ainzi sauropods. Maererano nokufungidzira kuti paleontologists, dinosaurs izvi zvaizovabatsira kureba kusvika 58 metres uye anoyera matani 113. Zvisinei, kuwedzera, masayendisiti ano kuti vanodavira kuti Diplodocus haapfuuri urefu 27 metres uye anorema matani 20. The zvisaririra zviri murugare nedzvinyu vokutanga akawanikwa paleontologists muna 1877 mumakomo ose Colorado, USA.

Dinosaurs veboka iri aigara Late Jurassic nguva yava North America vanenge mamiriyoni 150. Makore akapfuura. Paleontologists tenda Diplodocus rinonyanya nyore kuvezwa dinosaurs. Uyezve, mhando iyi kupfuura dinosaurs zvose anozivikanwa akawana zvakakwana marangwanda. Diplodocus vaiva herbivores, uye avo makuru kukura chinhu tisaita dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya dinosaurs nguva - Ceratosaurus uye Allosaurus.

Allosaurus - Diplodocus mabhanan'ana!

Munyaya ino, isu havazokwanisi kuongorora marudzi ose dinosaurs nemazita, saka chete kuna zvikuru vakakurumbira uye inonyatsozivikanwa vamiririri rwehofori izvi kunozivikanwa. Mumwe wavo - the Allosaurus. nhengo uyu genus ose Mbeswa dinosaurs kubva boka theropods. Kufanana Diplodocus, Allosaurus yaivapo Jurassic nguva vanenge mamiriyoni 155. Makore akapfuura.

zvisikwa izvi vakanga ichifamba makumbo avo hadzi uye vakanga forelimbs chaizvo duku. Paavhareji, madzvinyu izvi yakasvika 9 metres urefu uye 4 metres kureba. Allosaurus anonzi chikuru maviri makumbo marefu zvikara nguva. Zvakasaririra zvisikwa izvi achinyengera akawanikwa ari chii ikozvino wokumaodzanyemba kweEurope, East Africa uye North America iri.

Ichthyosaurs - the kunozivikanwa hove-dzvinyu

Adzima yokuzviparadzanisa makuru zvomumvura nezvinokambaira, kusvika kureba 20 mamita. Externally, dinosaurs izvi zvakanga Sehove ano uye Dolphins. A nevamwe chinhu chiri meso avo guru, akadzivirira pave nemapfupa anobudira mhete. Kazhinji, chinhambwe ichthyosaurs aigona zvakanaka kuva kururama kuti hove kana Dolphins.

Mabviro zvisikwa izvi zviri mubvunzo achiri. Vamwe paleontologists vanofunga kuti ivo - rakabva Diapsid. Shanduro iyi kunosimbiswa munhu fembera: zvichida kupunyuka sezvineiwo ichthyosaurs mapazi kubva huru hunde Diapsid kunyange vasati subclass ichi rakakamurwa archosaurs uye lepidosauria. Kunyange zvakadaro, madzitateguru aya hove-nedzvinyu ichiri usingazivi. Ichthyosaurs akava yakatotsakatika vanenge mamiriyoni 90. Makore akapfuura.

Dinosaurs vachamutsirwa kudenga

Panoperera ari Triassic nyika vakatanga kubhururuka dainoso marudzi rakamuka chinyorwa tisingazvifungiri. Chinoshamisa, vakanga vachitoratidza zvakazara kuumbwa. Direct sezvo madzitateguru avo kubva yavakanga kumhuka dzose nguva, asingazivikanwi.

Nyorawo ose Triassic pterosaurs boka rhamphorhynchus: zvisikwa izvi zvaiva musoro hombe, toothed pashaya uye refu, yakamanikana mapapiro, refu kwazvo uye dzakaonda muswe. Ukuru "nguvo shiri" idzi siyana. Pterosaurs - sezvo vakanga vakadamwa - akanga kunyanya kukura sezvo gulls uye hawks. Chokwadi, paivawo 5-mita hofori. Pterosaurs akava yakatotsakatika makore anenge mamiriyoni 65 apfuura.

Tyrannosaurs - yakakurumbira dainoso marudzi

List pamusoro dinosaurs yekare rungadai kukwana kana tisina kutaura zvikuru dainoso nguva dzose uye eras - Tyrannosaurus mambo. Hazvina achinyengera uye chisikwa ngozi anorarama zita raro. Zvisikwa Iri rudzi Mbeswa dinosaurs kubva boka coelurosaurs uye suborder theropod. Zvinosanganisira mumwe chete mhando - Tyrannosaurus mambo (ne "Rex" mutauro Latin - ndiye mambo). Tirannozavr sezvo allosaurus vaiva bipedal zvikara vane muhombe skulls uye unopinza mazino. Tyrannosaurus mambo Mbabvu chinhu chinoramba vasiri kupikisana: makumbo mikuru hadzi uye chiredzo-kufanana duku mberi netsoka dzakapfava.

Tyrannosaurus ndicho chikamu chikuru mhando vari mumhuri yavo, uyewo rimwe remasangano pano Mbeswa dinosaurs munhoroondo yedu. Zvakasaririra mhuka iyi kwakawanikwa kumadokero ano North America. Maererano masayendisiti, vakararama vanenge mamiriyoni 65. Makore akapfuura, t. E. Zviri nezera ravo rakasvika rufu yose youmambo pamusoro dinosaurs yekare. It tyrannosaurs korona wose munguva guru dinosaurs, uko kwakaguma panguva Cretaceous nguva.

watch nhaka

Nokuti vanhu vazhinji, hachisi chakavanzika kuti shiri - vane zvakananga vazukuru dinosaurs. Paleontologists makaona muna kwokunze uye munyika maumbirwo shiri uye dinosaurs vane zvakawanda zvakafanana. Yeuka kuti shiri - vazukuru pano dinosaurs - dinosaurs, pane kubhururuka zvinokambaira - pterosaurs! Pari, subclasses maviri nezvinokambaira yekare "zvakabatira mudenga", sezvo madzibaba avo, uye nokuwanda mavambo havasi yakatangwa paleontologists. First Division - ndiko ichthyosaurs, uye wechipiri - a hamba. Kana ichthyosaurs dzatakurukura pamusoro apa, nenjiva hapana zvakajeka!

Nenjiva - ndiye amphibian?

Uye nekuti zviri pachena kuti, vari kukurukura nyaya dzakadai sokuti "dinosaurs", tisingatauri pamusoro mhuka idzi. Origin hamba subclass ichiri yakafukidzwa chakavanzika. Zvisinei, vamwe zoologists vachiri kudavira kuti vakabva anapsid. Zvisinei, vari vachipikiswa nedzimwe nyanzvi, vanotenda kuti nenjiva - vazukuru zvimwe amphibians yekare. Uye hakutsamiri dzimwe nezvinokambaira. Kana pfungwa iyi kunosimbiswa, ipapo sayenzi zvemhuka chikuru budiriro zvichaitika; zvimwe kuitika kuti nenjiva kazhinji havana napaduku maringe zvinokambaira mhuka, nokuti ipapo vachatsanya ... amphibians!