Animals Vertebrates: zviratidzo, kunyanya zviratidzo

Nyika yedu iri yaigarwa-siyana shiri, mhuka, hove, matatya, nyoka, makarwe, iyo pamwe chete kuumba rimwe boka - vertebrates.

Nei mhuka - vertebrates?

All zvipenyu vane vertebral pfupa kana shwashwa marangwanda mukati mumuviri. Nokuti mhuka uye vanonzi vertebrates, kuti nemhaka yose marangwanda haasi mumwe kunze vertebral mbiru, zvinosanganisira mapfupa uye skulls. Uye chete rezasi siyana pane rudzi gobvu chinoumba yainzi Chord.

Zvinoumba vertebrates akafanana kana vane zvinotevera zvinhu. Inside the musana mbiru ndiye musana, iye pamwe chete pfungwa yaiva muna dehenya iri nechepakati tsinga. Izvi ndizvo ane vertebrate.

Kune mamirire zviratidzo vertebrates. Izvi mbiri mbiri makumbo, zvimbi, tines, mapapiro (kumugumo), izvo dzimwe nguva kuva underdeveloped. By chii zviratidzo vanosarudzirwa muzvikwata zvose mhuka?

Vertebrates vavo kupesana mukati makirasi

Very siyana ari mamiriro, uye chitarisiko, vertebrates akakamurwa shanu makirasi: hove, amphibians, nezvinokambaira, neshiri uye mhuka.

Makirasi vertebrates asina kutsunga netsaona. Chokwadi, mhuka dzose dziri siyana zvikuru, asi vanewo zvakafanana zvinhu. Kana kufema zvose yekubata okisijeni uye patinofemera kunze carbon dioxide.

Uyewo, vose vanodya, kuwana zvinovaka muviri kuti ukure, kufanana zvipenyu zvose, uye kukura. Ivo vanoita kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kwezvakatipoteredza. Kwakadaro chepfungwa ruzhinji mhuka chokuita pamberi tsinga uye kutsinga dzinouya zvomukati dzakadai maziso nenzeve.

Mukuwedzera, ivo muwande, uye, naizvozvo, anogona kuzvibereka pachavo. Vamiririri vakawanda chose vose zvidzidzo zvinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vertebrates zvinosanganisira zvose zvatinosiita zvipfuwo kwatiri. mhou ichi, gwai, mabhiza, huku, imbwa, nguruve, katsi, etc. Hongu, uye kubata hove mhuka - ariwo vertebrate: .... tsuro, makava, hove, duck, etc. Pakati pavo vari zvipukanana: hamsters, squirrels , voles.

Tinoona vertebrates sei zvakasiyana.

hove

Around isu nzizi, madziva, makungwa, uye nyanza dziri inogarwa hove. Vane zvavo STRUCTURAL zvinhu uye kuchinjika kurarama hwemvura runyararo.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti hove - ichi hwemvura vertebrates. Vazhinji vavo akafukidzwa pachikero. Havafaniri kuva kugara muviri tembiricha, pavanenge nguva dzose chete kufema gills, izvo abviswa mvura, ichiputswa okisijeni uye kubereka, ukuwo, carbon dioxide. Mwoyo vane bicameral, asi havana chete kutenderera chete.

By kufamba miviri hove zvakafanira kutakura zvimbi. Mune dzimwe vertebrates, chinofanira kuva gumbo. Uyezve, pane zvakare unpaired zvimbi, izvo dziri mumhenderekedzo muviri. Very yakatanga muswe yavo. Sezvineiwo, hove vane pfungwa nhengo, sezvinoita divi mutsetse. Pane achiri vazhinji boka iri vertebrates dhidha dundira.

Hove kune vanhu vari mukuru zvoupfumi kukosha. Kunze zvokudya chaizvo, kubva hove mafuta inotengwa iyo abudisa kubva chiropa kodhi. Dear uye anokosha caviar kunobva Sturgeon. Vazhinji zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvinokosha munhu anobuda rehove, asi nekuti unofanira kutarisira kudzivirirwa mumatanda hove uye kuwedzera navo.

Munyika akabata basa guru iri hove kurima.

Hove kuita kuti pave zvinoverengeka mazai zvakakwana, asi furaya kubva chairo rawakajaira rinozobudawo zvishomanana. Somuenzaniso, muzana imwe chete there chum Sarimoni furaya unobuda caviar zvose. Saka vanhu vakatanga kushandisa zvakazara ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai muchangosangana mazai, zvinopa vakawanda mwana. The furaya dzinokudziridzwa pasi pokudzora ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai, uye ipapo wayo yakabereka inongoitika dzinogarisana. Chokwadi, zvikuru nevanhu ane maberekero Sturgeon uye Sarimoni.

nezvinokambaira

Ndivanaani zvinokambaira nemhuka? Zvinyore dzakakura chaizvo uye siyana. Ainzi kirasi iyi zvakanga zvakadaro nemhaka yokuti vamiririri vayo, chinofamba panyika, vachikweva muviri wake, sokunge ari goroondo. Pano pano zita.

vanhu chii vanobatanidzwa mukirasi nezvinokambaira nemhuka? The Pamazita iri siyana zvikuru:

1. Madzvinyu.
2. Nenyoka.
3. Makarwe.
4. Nenjiva.
5. Dinosaurs.

Kakawanda tinogona kusangana ari mamiriro nedhambakura. Kubatanidza zvinokambaira uye nyoka, zvisinei kunyange zvinosiyana zvikuru kubva dzvinyu,, vane womukati mamiriro akafanana.

Vazhinji mukirasi iyi zvinobatsira vanhu. Dzvinyu Somuenzaniso, achiparadza tumbuyu hunokuvadza, nyoka - nemakonzo izvo kukuvadza zvirimwa.

Zvisinei, pane dzimwe mhuka kuti vari zvikuru kunokuvadza. Kunyanya ngozi vanhu dzine uturu.

Boka zvinosanganisira zvinokambaira ine utsinye vertebrates. miviri yavo akafukidzwa pamahwendefa. Ivo fema mumhepo mhepo vachishandisa mumapapu. zvinokambaira zvakawanda upenyu munyika. Asi kunyange vaya dzakashandisa vagare mvura (nemakarwe, nenjiva), muwande zvakafanana sezvo dzimwe mukirasi, nokuiswa mujecha mazai nyika. Uye anoti namadzibaba avo vakanga vachiri kunyika mhuka.

The chidzoke nezvinokambaira kwakakonzerwa okunze kuchinja zvakaitika pakupera yekare yaitonga. Akatonyanya rakaoma, izvo zvakazoita kuti kurasikirwa nemvura zhinji, ikava gwenga. kuchinja zvose izvi zvakatungamirira kuti chokwadi kuti, pashure kupfuura mamwe zvokukura kukura, asi zvinokambaira vokutanga.

Kazhinji, nezvinokambaira - ndiro boka pano amphibians okutanga. Vane Fast aifamba saka, izvo nokukurumidza akatanga kudzora rikavadzikatira amphibians.

Zvikurukuru nokukurumidza budiriro Danho vaiva zvinokambaira pakati zera. Panguva iyoyo dinosaurs (zvinokambaira) aiva hunoshamisa miganhu. Vaigara zvose panyika uye mudenga uye mumvura. He zvisaririra vacho anonakidza zvikuru, nekuti kubva kwavari ramangwana chero shiri uye mhuka.

amphibia

Amphibians kunge dzakashandisa upenyu panyika, akawana zvinoverengeka zvinhu kusiyanisa kubva hove. Tichitarisa mamiriro mukirasi iyi vertebrates uye mararamiro avo, zvakafanira pfungwa matatya uye toads. Ivo zvinobatsira chaizvo kuti vanhu nokuti kudya Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvinokuvadza, uye nokudaro kubatsira mukurwisa zvipukanana. Vakabatana mune boka tailless amphibians. Zita iri vakagamuchira nokuda kwokushayikwa kwezvibereko muswe. In nzizi dzedu uye madhamu dzinogona kuwanikwa uye mamwe amphibians kuti nhengo caudate boka. Zvakajairika newt.

In vekirasi amphibians vaiva toads, matatya, newts nedzimwe mhuka - vertebrates vari nechekare kurarama panyika, uye haana kufanana hove - mumvura, asi dzinogarisana achiri chokuita akatibvunzisisa mumvura, nokuti kubereka uye kukura kwacho kunoitika nayo.

amphibians muviri rinosanganisira ganda, asi slimy chaizvo. Mbabvu vane zvigunwe shanu. Adults fema kuburikidza ganda ravo uye mapapu asi mazana vari Gill kufema. Mazai vasina kudzivirirwa, uye saka akasarudza hwemvura zvakatipoteredza kukura kwavo. mwana Papera anowana kuti gills, nokuti vaduku tadpoles kurarama uye kufudza mumvura. Gare gare kukura kwacho kune chiedza uye makumbo, achipa vanhu mukuru mukana kutama nyika. Amphibians havazivi sei kutsenga, ivo kumedza yose kudya.

kirasi iyi zvinoshandawo rimwe boka - legless amphibians (caecilians).

mhuka

Vertebrates mhuka inozivikanwa nokuva rakakosha zvikuru chinhu. mhuka Young Kuva boka iri vanopiwa mukaka. Saka zita kirasi.

Mhuka, pane akawandisa mhuka. Pakati pavo vane nyore mhuka, cup cow, imbwa, mhumhi, gava, ingwe, twiza, shumba. Muitiro yemhindumupindu yachinja chaizvo mhuka. Uye nhasi zviri ndicho chimiro mhuka dzose. Uye zvose nokuda kuti nhengo dzekirasi ichi vanokwanisa kuchinja dzakasiyana-siyana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Mapoka vertebrate vekirasi ichi vari kurarama pasi pose.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhuka dziri nechivako yavo - mhuka dzakawanda zvikuru yakatanga. Typical chinosiyanisa zviri mhuka ndiwo ganda romusoro, ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo, zvina-chambered mwoyo, uye zviri pachena chaiye mamiriro wouropi.

Madzitateguru mhuka anonzi zvinokambaira yekare. Vamwe mhuka ano uye ikozvino pane unoshamisa kufanana chechipiri. The chikuru chinoratidza mhuka uye zvinokambaira ndiyo mamiriro yaingowanikwa pamusoro marangwanda.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhuka zvakawanda dzakabudirira uropi. Uye vamwe akapa mano zvinoshamisa, zvakadai Dolphins uye primates. Vose veboka iri kufamba maoko nemakumbo kuti vane minwe.

Kupatsanura mapoka mhuka

Kazhinji, boka iri zvinosanganisira anenge 4200 marudzi. Ndivo kwazvo zvakasiyana chimiro uye maitiro zvose. Vamwe mhuka vashomashoma, zvinogona kunzi, kunyange chiduku, apo vamwe - chete hofori. Asi vanogara uye kubereka zvakanaka, zvisinei, vamwe, vari vava kuda kutsakatika, asi zvikuru kuti mhosva mabasa evanhu.

Kazhinji, mhuka dzose, zvichienderana sei ivo bereka vana vavo, vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: placental, marsupials uye cloacal. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti munhu anoreva kuti placental boka. Chinonyanya kujairika mhuka - a cloacal. Ivo mazai avo kuti kubereka, uye ipapo Vanochochonya.

Asi marsupials bereka saibva muduku, uye kupedza chirongwa kukura muhomwe yake. Asi sezvo mhuka placental, vari vavakabereka vakanyatsosvika. boka iri ndiyo dzakawanda kumiririrwa.

shiri

Mumasango, paMaare, huru mumaguta, pamusoro yehuku mapurazi, pasinei taiva chero nguva yegore, tiri tose tatarisana shiri. Vane kwazvo zvoupfumi kukosha kwatiri. zvokudya zvakawanda sei tinopiwa chete yehuku! Zvakaoma kufungidzira upenyu hwedu pasina pavo. Uye kana shiri dziri kufarira kwakadaro nevanhu, izvozvo zvinoita kuti kudzidza.

Kirasi yose shiri inogona kukamurwa zvinotevera mapoka: nemhou, zvinowanzoitika shiri, PENGUIN.

Ostrich kunyanya vanogara kuSouth America, Australia uye Africa. boka iri shiri haigoni kubhururuka, mapapiro hazvisi yakanakira chinangwa ichi, asi vari kumhanya zvakanaka uye inogona aimhanya kusvikira makumi manomwe makiromita paawa.

For PENGUIN zvinosanganisira namanomwe marudzi. Shiri Miti iri nani chaiyo. Vari kusiyaniswa nevamwe veboka iri. The muviri wose chakafukidzwa navo minhenga nomutsipa. The forelimbs havasi mapapiro, kwete zvimbi. A repasi (necheshure) nemakumbo vari webbed. Kufambisa PENGUIN panzvimbo dzapasi kuviri, kubatsira muswe pachayo.

Idya shiri dzakadaro mugungwa, nokuti dzinoshambira zvakaisvonaka. Ikoko vanogona kubereka yavo duku hove, crustaceans, mollusks. Vanotanga mugungwa nokubatsirwa zvimbi, mapapiro, uye makumbo vari chega mudziyo.

Kunyange zvazvo PENGUIN uye shiri, asi nguva yakawanda yavanopedza vari mumvura. Ndokusaka mupe chimwe kupenda, sapamazuva mhuka zvomumvura. In mvura PENGUIN vanogona kusvika aimhanya anopfuura matatu makiromita paawa.

Mumiriri kukosha boka iri mambo Penguinkuva. kukwirira kwayo kunosvika zana namakumi maviri masendimita, uye uremu anouya mana nemashanu makirogiramu. Emperor PENGUIN rora mazai. Panguva iyoyowo, sezvinoita mutemo, ivo kungowanikwa chicks chete.

zvinowanzoitika shiri

Kirasi wechitatu enderana boka shiri - zvemo shiri. Kunewo chaizvoizvo zvinobhururuka mhuka. Vari zvakakwana kujairana yokutizira. zvakafanana shiri yose yakadaro. Panguva iyoyo vakanga tama. Zvoitika pakatanga kutonhora mwaka, kana shiri vari kutsvaka mukana nzvimbo chando, uye pamwe pakasvika kwematsutso kudzokera kumba. Dzimwe nhengo dzeboka iri ndivo muchando uye regai kubhururuka, asi ivo havasi kutarisira kupona nechando, kunyange zvazvo vaine batana plumage.

Invertebrates edu nyika

Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, pane mhuka vertebrates uye invertebrates ikoko.

Saka, invertebrates dzinoratidzwa itsanangudzo marongerwo. Izvi zvinosanganisira dzemugungwa, magakanje, tumbuyu, madandaude. Panguva iyi, tinoziva kuti vanhu vakasiyana marudzi anopfuura miriyoni imwe invertebrates.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vazhinji invertebrates vanotova tupukanana kana vertebrates kana zvirimwa. Mhuka vakadaro zvakaenzana zvakaenzana panyika.

mhuka idzi dzinokosha chaizvo nokuda biosphere. Akaomesa zvasara invertebrates vekare kuti akararama prehistoric nguva, vaiva vakasiyana Geological idzodzo. Wandei kukosha vane vanhu. Vazhinji vanhu ava vadye, mukuwedzera, vari kushandiswa sezvo chikafu mhuka maindasitiri. Uye vamwe vanhu refu vave invertebrates akashandiswa chipembenene achidzora.

Kazhinji, vertebrates uye invertebrates kuita mabasa avo biosphere. Vose zvinokosha kuvanhu.

Okufananidza zvechadenga vertebrates uye invertebrates

Achitaura vertebrate nemhuka invertebrate, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vane dzinoverengeka dzakasiyana zvinhu.

Saka, vertebrates, sezvo isu akati, vane womukati mhou kana cartilaginous tsvimbo, iyo isina kuchengetwa invertebrates. Uyewo, musana anoratidzwa muchimiro kumicheto, uye uropi ane madhipatimendi shanu. In nedanho afemeruke kunosanganisira vertebrate gills, mapapu, ganda. Pane vaviri-kamuri,-mukamuri matatu kana mana chambered mwoyo uye kweropa ezvinhu ane namahwindo marongerwo. Pfungwa nhengo dziri pamusoro. Power imhaka kushandiswa shaya.

Kana invertebrates, ivo muropa vane zvikuru Chakarerutswa marongerwo. Internal marangwanda vane, uye tsinga ine knotty mhando kweropa hurongwa haina kuvharwa. Heart mu invertebrates vanogona kunge vasina-kamuri kana multi-yomukati. Pfungwa nhengo zvinowanikwa munyika muviri.

panzvimbo imwe epilogue

Zvose zviri sechivako vertebrate vakwanise kutungamirira chinoshingaira upenyu. Kureva vertebrates zvinogona kumativi, uye zvakakosha chaizvo kutsvaka zvokudya. Izviwo, propelled navo pamberi nedanho shanduka. A LEVEL upenyu, kukwanisa kudzivirira nevavengi nechokwadi kuti mhuka Resettlement yose.

Vechikoro kunzwisisa nemamiriro uye nuances oupenyu vertebrate kubatsira nyaya yakadaro yakaita zvipenyu. Mhuka Vertebrate vari kudzidza mugiredhi rechisere. dingindira iri zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa mitemo shanduka kwacho, achiratidza muenzaniso sei zvinhu zvipenyu vave hwakabva nyore kusvika zvikuru yakarongwa zvinenge.

Kuva yakawanda kuchinja uye transformations, vertebrates zvasvika pamwero okukura kuti zvikwanise kurarama zvakanaka kushingaira mararamiro, zvokudya zvavo pachavo, kuzvidzivirira vavengi, vana vakura.