Coal: kugadzirwa kuRussia uye munyika. Location uye nzira marasha mugodhi

The marasha kuchera Bhizimisi iri kupfuura chidimbu kubva mafuta indasitiri. Munyika yose, zviri nani kupfuura mumwe musi uwandu hwevashandi uye uwandu michina.

Chii marasha indasitiri

The marasha-mugodhi indasitiri kunoreva marasha kugadzirwa uye ayo unozotevera kugadzira. Works yaitwa vaviri panyika uye pachivande.

Kana deposits vari kudzika hapana anopfuura 100 metres, basa kuitwa mugomba nzira. Nokuti munda budiriro mumigodhi yakadzika dzinoshandiswa.

Classic nzira marasha mugodhi

Kushanda mumigodhi yemarasha uye pachivande - chikuru nzira chicherwa dzokubudisa. Vazhinji basa kuRussia uye munyika iri kuitwa nenzira rakashama. Izvi imhaka pemari uye yakakwirira kugadzirwa unodiwa.

Zvichiitika sezvinotevera:

• Achibatsirwa chinokosha midziyo akabvisa chapamusoro wenyika kufukidza munda. Makore akawanda apfuura, kudzama paruzhinji mabasa aihuitira mamita 30, noungwaru zvigadzirwa zvava yayo 3-mudanga. Kana topsheet iri nyoro uye diki, izvozvo chinobviswa nezvakaitika Excavator. A gobvu uye gobvu rukoko ivhu kare yakapwanyika.
• Coal deposits mwoyo uye akabvisa achibatsirwa michina kuti fekitari mamwe kugadzira.
• Vashandi akadzorera dzinongoitika nomunzvimbo dzine kunzvenga kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza.

Zvakaipira nzira iyi kuti marasha deposits, vari kudzika pakadzika, ane netsvina tsvina uye zvimwe zvakawanda.

Cleaner uye unhu anoonekwa kuti marasha mined nevanhu pachivande nzira.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha nzira iri kuendesa marasha kubva zvikuru dzakadzika pemvura. Kuti aite izvi, nokusika makwara: adit (chinjikira) nomubato (vachida kana tote).

In tunnels rinokosha anosanganisa marasha vazvo dzinobviswa akatakudza mugomo conveyor, kukwidza navo pamusoro.

Underground nzira kunoita kuwana yakawanda Zvisaririra, asi ine zvinokosha zvainovhiringidzawo: kudhura uye mikana kune vashandi.

Unconventional nzira yokuwana zimbe

Nzira idzi dzinobudirira, asi havana vakawanda kuparadzira - panguva hapana zvigadzirwa kumisa zvakajeka muitiro:

• Hydraulic. Zvinonzi mined ari wangu udzamu. Coal musono crumbles uye runopiwa pemvura pasi kumanikidzwa mvura simba.
• Nesimba compressed mhepo. It anoita somunhu anoparadza uye vachisimudza simba, compressed mhepo zvamutambudza simba.
• Vibroimpulsny. Akaturikidzana yakaparadzwa vibrations simba, inoumbwa midziyo.

Nzira idzi dzaishandiswa kunyange Soviet Union, asi haana kuva nevakawanda nekuda kudiwa zvikuru upfumi. tsama makambani mugodhi chete kuramba kushandisa non-tsika nzira.

chikuru zvinobatsira avo - kushaya vashandi kunzvimbo vanokwanisa zvinouraya.

Nyika vatungamiriri marasha migodhi

Maererano nokuongorora kwakaitwa World Energy yakabudisa Rating munyika, achitora kutungamirira chinzvimbo mune marasha kurimwa munyika:

1. China.
2. US.
3. India.
4. Australia.
5. Indonesia.
6. Russia.
7. South Africa.
8. Germany.
9. Poland.
10. Kazakhstan.

Kwemakore akawanda, China ari kutungamirira tichitarisa Vhoriyamu marasha migodhi. 1/7 kweminda iripo chete kuitwa mune China, izvi imhaka yokuti marasha haina aivigirwa kunze kwenyika, uye zviripo reserves kuchapedza makore anenge 70.

US munda nzvimbo zvakaenzana kupararira munyika. uwandu hwavo ivo achapa nyika kwemakore anenge 300.

marasha deposits muIndia akapfuma chaizvo, asi rinenge vhoriyamu yose akabudiswa rinoshandiswa simba bhizimisi, kureva. a. aivapo mumatanda vari varombo kwazvo yepamusoro. Pasinei chokwadi kuti India mumwe vaikudzwa zvepamusoro munyika vari kufambira mberi chinochechenya nzira yokuwana marasha.

Coal reserves muAustralia, zvokuti anenge 240 makore. Mined marasha ane chemhando yepamusoro kuti tinyatsonzwisisa, yakawanda vachashayiwawo ekisipoti.

In Indonesia, marasha kugadzirwa vanokwanisa ari kukura gore negore. Makore mashomanana apfuura, vakawanda yakabereka akanga aivigirwa kune dzimwe nyika, kuti nyika yava kutamira kure kushandisa mafuta, uye saka kukura kudiwa marasha nezvezvipfuwo rinodyiwa.

Russia ine 1/3 yenyika matura marasha, apo asati Aingoziva dzose dzenyika.

South Africa ine zvinogona kukwira kumusoro ari kuera - mumakore 30 apfuura padanho marasha kurimwa munyika yakawedzera 4 nguva.

Germany, Poland uye kuKazakhstan zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza Vhoriyamu marasha kurimwa nokuda vasiri yemakwikwi mari mbishi zvinhu. Vazhinji marasha iri dzaizopiwa mumhuri rinodyiwa.

Huru marasha migodhi nzvimbo Russia

Rega kuongorora. Coal Kugadzirwa mu Russia iri kunyanya gomba rakashama. The deposits vakapararira vanoiswa munyika - vazhinji zvevaKristu mudunhu rokumabvazuva.

Rinonyatsooneka deposits kuti marasha muRussia dziri:

• Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). Anonzi chikuru kwete chete kuRussia asi munyika yose, riri mu Western Siberia. Pane rinoitwa uye kugadzirwa coking marasha.
• Kansk-Achinsk. Pano, dzokubudisa chiitwe lignite. The dhipoziti riri pedyo Trans-Siberian Railway, achitora chikamu wenharaunda Irkutsk uye Kemerovo Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• Tunguska Coal Basin. Inomirirwa shava uye zvakaoma marasha mhando. Rinotaura chikamu mundima Republic of Sakha, Irkutsk Region uye Krasnoyarsk Territory.
• Pechora marasha bheseni. In ichi munda dzokubudisa rinoitwa coking marasha. Works vakatakudzwa kubva mumigodhi, izvo zvinoita kuti pave yepamusoro marasha. Iri mundima Komi Republic uye Yamal-Nenets zvionera District.
• Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo marasha bheseni. Zvinowanikwa iri Upper Sayan. Coal inopa mabhizimisi pedyo chete uye misha.

To musi, vari dzakabudirira 5 zvakawanda minda kuti anogona kuwedzera wepagore Vhoriyamu marasha kurimwa muRussia matani mamiriyoni 70.

Vangangoramba marasha indasitiri

Nyika yave Akaongorora dzakawanda marasha deposits, kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, chinonyanya vaizotibata ndezvaJehovha kunyika 70. marasha Kugadzirwa yomuropa ichikura nokukurumidza: kwakavandudzwa ano, upgraded midziyo. Nokuda ichi zvakawedzera profitability yacho indasitiri.