Chii vasakukurwa? mhando kukukurwa

Pari zvinoreva shoko "vasakukurwa" rinogona kushandisirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda nesayenzi. Izvi izwi zvinoshanda jogirafi, uye optics uye anatomi, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.

Continental vasakukurwa

Muna 1912 musayendisiti German Alfred Wegener zvinganaka heuristic dzidziso rusingaperi kufamba Continental zvavo. Kugumisa kudaro dzakaitwa geologist, kwakavakirwa dzavo zvaanorumbidza uye zvakawanikwa. Chii Continental vasakukurwa? Wegener akataura kuti makondinendi vari kugara ri- asi mwero iduku zvokuti hazvibviri kunzwa. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, mushumo uyu hwakonzera nokutsoropodzwa uye kusekwa nenyika nesayenzi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Continental vasakukurwa rakazarurwa refu isati German geologist. Munguva 1620s rinozivikanwa Zvokutopenga pamusoro Frensis Bekon munyaya ake manyoro zvinyorwa zvevamwe machisi mu pepa kwemhenderekedzo America uye Africa. Pahwaro ake manotsi Papera emakore pfungwa zvinofamba makondinendi yaisunda wokuFrance Franco Plaka, uye ipapo German Theodore Lilienthal. Muna 1858, ivo American yezvechitendero Antonio Snider zano okunyanyisa pfungwa kuti mushure kutonhora panyika kwete ari kukunda kumanikidzwa uye mahwanda zvidimbu zvidimbu. Kwenguva refu, Continental vasakukurwa harina vaudzewo. In zvakawanda Europe uye United States, dzidziso iyi richiri kurambwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuvamba Kuma1960, masayendisiti Soviet vakagumisa kuti Wegener kutonga ndezvechokwadi. Zvadaro, pfungwa fiksizma akaramba kudzivirira anozivikanwa Vanodzidza Russian MA Usov uye S. hoops.

Dzidziso Continental vasakukurwa

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Alfred Wegener kufamba munyika nechinangwa nokuziva chaizvo uye anokonzera zvose upenyu panyika. Pahwaro dzakawanda Data zvichikonzerwa nzendo geologist German kwatemwa kuti zvose mumakondinendi STRUCTURAL sezvamunoita zvakafanana. Uyezve, musayendisiti yakaratidza zvakajairika Zvisaririra fauna of uye nemiti makondinendi kare. Uyewo zvakafanana yaizoitwa uye okunze zvikamu.

Maererano Wegener, kutanga paiva girenayiti rukoko pamusoro pechiso nyika. Pamwechete kuvaka-rudzi pfungwa pamusoro nguva ari prakontinent guru rinonzi Pangea. inotungamirwa Izvi Mikoko makore mamiriyoni 500 BC Zvinonzi panguva vakaumba chete praokean. Somugumisiro pakati tectonic fambisa Pangea akatanga aputse zvidimbu zvidiki. Saka paiva Continental vasakukurwa.

Mumakondinendi kufamba kunokwanisika kuburikidza Centrifugal masimba kutenderera Nyika. Chimwe chinokosha ndechokuti kukwezvana of Zuva Nomwedzi. Nokuda kwaizvozvo kwaiva noushamwari kubva Eurasia, North America uye ipapo Africa. A crevice huru akazadzwa Atlantic. A mugumisiro vanorambana pakati Pangea vava neeSultan gomo eAndes uye Cordillera.

Somugumisiro pakati vasakukurwa pakati makondinendi Africa uye Europe yakabonderana mumwe, achiumba Alps, eHimalaya, ivo Carpathians uye nedzimwe neeSultan gomo. Maererano pfungwa pamusoro Wegener, pfungwa huru dzehurukuro vachishandisa kutenderera makondinendi vaiva matanda Nyika.

chando vasakukurwa

Hapana chakavanzika kuti nechando guru remvura chinofamba mhiri mumakungwa uye makungwa nokuda zvemukati chokubuda. Asi chii vasakukurwa echando? Izvi hazvisi rusununguko rwokufamba pamusoro mvura pamusoro. Panyaya iyi, kufamba icebergs mugungwa kana gungwa vakadhakwa mhepo siyana uye dzenzvimbo. Most Ice vasakukurwa mu kweArctic, apo pakutsvakurudza haagumiri kunyange zuva. kufamba kwakadaro vanomirirwa kunyanya anticyclonic kufamba, mune mamwe mazwi, Kutenderera. Somugumisiro kutenderera ichi echando akabuda kweArctic Ocean kusvika kumahombekombe hova Greenland vatatu. On nzira iyi uchada chiduku iceberg kubva 1 kusvika 5 makore zvichienderana pokutangira kuverenga spalling. The trajectory kufamba kunoenderana aibuda wembira.

Vokutanga zvakasiyana chakajairika akatarisa musayendisiti Nansen muna 1893. Ipapo chikepe "Fram" Akakukurwa kubva New Siberian kumhenderekedzo kuGungwa Zimbabwe. Nansen yakawana kubatana pakati hunhu chando yose weboka rwendo-gore 3. Somugumisiro, masayendisiti vanozivikanwa inokosha mitemo miviri: iceberg vasakukurwa nokukurumidza anenge 2% pakati concomitant mhepo nokukurumidza uye mirayiridzo kufamba nhema dzimwe madhigirii 30 kusvika kurudyi ano. Nansen izvi vakazoroorwa akasimbisa muzvinadzidzo Soviet Vladimir Wiese.

Barometric vasakukurwa chando

Pamabhuku dzinongoitika chakajairika kubva 1913 kusvika 1940 muna Groenlândia mvura vakadzidza vakawanda nzendo, uye ose nguva masayendisiti dzinobvuma kuti Nansen zvakanaka zvaakanyora uye zvaiti. Mukupera 1930s, Soviet Union yakatanga kweArctic yose samambure ekunze zvechitima. The chirongwa iri rinotungamirirwa musayendisiti Zubov.

Maererano mashoko vakagamuchira iye chikwata chake vakakwanisa kuziva muenzaniso vasakukurwa, kunoitika achitevedza isobars. Somugumisiro, nokuti Zimbabwe mumvura simba zvikuru, asi mhepo ine simba kwazvo. Ndiye akakurudzira floes kusvika pamhenderekedzo pazvitsuwa makuru. Sezvo barometric vasakukurwa wakashamira. Iye ndokuisa mitemo miviri: 1. Areas echando rwokufamba isobars rienderane. Kana kumanikidzwa uku yekudyidzana akakwidziridzwa zvakarurama the pane.

2. Kukurumidza rwokufamba iri inversely Proportional kuti chinhambwe pakati isobars.

With Panyaya pakona rworwendo 30, nokutsauka kunoitika pasi pamasimba ose Coriolis simba uye kukweshera.

Kukukurwa majini: kuziva

In womunhu panguva cellular pamwero kuitika mamiriyoni zvoga kwendangariro. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza uye nemamwe rawo magene vasakukurwa. zvichida iyi ndiyo chete nzira iri kukonzerwa kunofambira mberi anongoitika mananara. Saka chii nemagene vasakukurwa? Kuchinja runobva muna kakawanda alleles majini, ndiko kuti, kusiyana yevagari.

The mashandiro ari Chiitiko iri kubereka kwacho, somugumisiro iyo inowanikwa akawandisa utachiona masero, inonzi gametes. masero aya havakwanisi kuumba zygote, asi pane chisingawanzoitika anosiyiwa. Imhaka izvi nedzimwe zvipenyu zviri yakaumbwa muna vemo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti misha yacho allele kakawanda siyana zvinogoneka chete noruremekedzo imwe yapfuura chizvarwa.

Nokuda vasakukurwa ari Kushanduka kwemarudzi mu vomunzvimbo. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja kwakadaro kakawanda kunoitika zvisinei chero zvinhu.

Vasakukurwa majini: vokuparidzira mafungu

Izvi zviri kuzvidzosera hakurevi kukanganisa nhamba kwemarudzi, sezvo ari rinobvumidza kutevera recessions. Masayendisiti akawanda vachiri kushamisika ndeipi majini vasakukurwa pamusoro shanduka. Izvi muzvidzidzo zvavo vakaedza kupindura musayendisiti Russian Chetverikov. Akataura pfungwa yepanyama nokufamba mukati hwevanhu kukura. Panguva kuedza kwayo vakawana kuti azvaiitwa kuridza mutsindo basa shanduka vose upenyu panyika. nokufamba kwenhamba dzinonzi nevanhu mafungu. Human masero inovakwa nenzira kuti panguva yakakodzera kuti kubereka vana - itsva munhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi. Mhuka nezvinomera vokuparidzira mafungu kuvimba muganhu hwaro. Chete mhando pamwe kutanga nemagene remitemo kuonekwe mune imwe nzvimbo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pamusoro mhindumupindu ari fauna of uye kasvisto ndiye anokonzera alleles.

Kukukurwa majini: samolecular shanduka

Kuguma Zvichaguma kunyangarika zvachose Chiitiko zvokuwedzera rimwe allele uye asunga naro mumwe. The LEVEL yokugara vasakukurwa, kuti nokukurumidza iyo samolecular shanduka kwemarudzi. Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti ndingangokuvara Kuda kutamba kutamira allele maitikiro akaenzana yevagari.

Zvinokosha kuti jini rimwe nerimwe Morekuru yakadaro yakatanga kamwe nokuda mutation. Shanduka akasvetuka kuitika ane kakawanda vanenge 10-5 paminiti Gene / gamete. Hazvina musoro kufunga kuti duku yevagari sandara, rezasi mukana munhu mutation itsva.

Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti dhigirii yemhindumupindu hakunei nouwandu kwemarudzi uye uwandu magene vasakukurwa. vaongorori American uye Zuckerkandl Polling kwakaratidza kuti kwazvakarerekera alleles vari inodedera kugara nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune marudzi.

Erekitironi vasakukurwa

Izvi ndizvo kufamba mhosva nezvimedu pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kunofambira mberi munda. Kufambira kunogona kuva sviba uye dzinongoitika. All kunobva conductivity electric munda. The vasakukurwa of inoramba iri magasi uye nesimbi iri pakutsvaga ano chafariz inofamba. Muchiitiko chino, kuti kufanotaura kumhanya uye mirayiridzo kufamba haazobudiriri. Chokwadi chokuti chafariz mugumisiro hakurevi kuumba yunifomu macroscopic okuyerera mhosva inoramba. Ikoko maerekitironi nechisungo munda kunoratidzwa kuchinyanya uye arambe achirema yacho svikiro. In plasma, zvacho zviri pasi munhu remagineti, saka kuti inofamba uchava yunifomu dzose.

Mwero mhosva vasakukurwa ari yemagetsi munda kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura Ion. It anokonzerwa yakasimba zvairatidza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Vanotanga muna DC

The FET gudzazwi ane chikuru dambudziko - the kwatangwa kugozha ruyamuro. Fani iyi inonzi razero vasakukurwa. Somugumisiro kuitika chidzivaidzo panguva gudzazwi goho rikawira kuti kukosha indekisi mukova. The razero vasakukurwa kakawanda kuchengetwa pasina ane chiyamuro chiratidzo.

Zvikonzero imwe shutdown akadaro angava:

- Power zvitengeswa kutadza;
- Kusagadzikana resistors kana transistors;
- neyamapani Frequency ruzha;
- soro tembiricha of svikiro;
- crosstalk kana kukanganiswa. Kupfuura isingawanzowanikwi uye kunzwisisa Nemhaka kuitika chidzivaidzo muna DCA aigona kuva galvanic richibatanidza nzendo. Akakurumidza transmits vachinje anonongedzera, saka kusagadzikana pasuo asiri traceable.

Kuti neutralize zero vasakukurwa inogona kushandiswa termokompensiruyuschie zvinoriumba yakadzama kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza, DC converters, hurumende vasabatwa mashandiro. Zvinobatsira kuchinja yakadzikama redunhu DCA.

The vasakukurwa Meso

Izvi anononoka nokuda zvishoma nezvishoma misha yeziso. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye involuntary kutara musimboti chikamu the retina chero chinhu. Zvinonzwisisika Anoteterera mubvunzo kuti chii vasakukurwa kwameso uye chii chinokonzera izvozvo.

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti vanhu the retina ane mhando nhatu nemafambiro kuti kunyange kuitwa ainzwa: dzose chakamira pakunodengenyeka zvine, jerky Kuda kutamba kumeso kufamba. Chokutanga Hurumende ndiyo vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. The kakawanda marwadzo ziso tsandanyama 80 Hz. Mamiriro wechipiri zvakare mukati kwomuzvarirwo mwero. The mashandiro inotongwa kamwe zvakaitwa. Wechitatu wehurumende anobvumirwa chete pavanoparidza maviri okutanga, asi kwete yoga. chikonzero chacho chingava nokumunyima pamusoro the retina ane dzinovaka mashandiro.

Muchikepe vasakukurwa

Kubviswa kubva muchikepe kosi kunoitika kakawanda pasi pokudzora mhepo yakasimba. The chikuru chinoratidza vasakukurwa kwakadaro ndiko pakona pakati akarongwa vechokwadi nevenhema nzira nzira. Demolition mudziyo anogona kuitika pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ano. Kukukurwa uye Kushaya zvinoratidzwa "chinobata" nzvimbo apo mutoro iri kukambaira pamwe pasi.

The kupfuura ngozi mugumisiro vasakukurwa uyu angangodaro ngarava pamatombo kana shoals. Kuti siya akadaro zvakafanira kutungamirira wechikepe mhino kupinda mhepo.