Chii nemamiriro womunhu ziso?

Imwe yezvinyorwa zvinonakidza muhupenyu, kunyanya, mumatomu evanhu ndiwo maitiro emeso. Kubva pamazuva ekare, ndeyemaziso mazhinji ezvitendero, nhoroondo uye nhema dzinobatana. Mamwe mashoko mazhinji, ayo anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeokuti: "Meso ndiwo girazi remweya." Asi chii chaicho ziso chaizvoizvo? Chii chingave masayendisiti anotaura nezvazvo? Ophthalmologists uye biologist, anatomists, avo vakave vachifadzwa nemaziso evanhu kwenguva yakareba, vakaona kuti ziso, pasinei nehukuru hwayo, rine chigadzirwa chakaoma kwazvo. Chii-kuverenga pa.

Chiratidzo hachisi nyore

Maziso eziso muatomy anonzi stereoscopic. Mumumuviri wemunhu, iye ane basa rekusimbisa kuti ruzivo rwakanzwisiswa zvakarurama, nenzira yakarurama, pasina kukanganisa. Kutenda kumeso, iyo data inoshandiswa uye inozoendeswa kuuropi.

Nhoroondo pamusoro pechinhu chiri kurudyi rweuropi inoparidzirwa kuburikidza ne retina chinhu chiri kurudyi. Muchiitiko ichi, mutsara we optic unobatanidzwa. Asi chii chiri kuruboshwe, anoona uye anoongorora chikamu chekuruboshwe chetina. Uropi hwemunhu hunorongwa nenzira iyo inobatanidza pasina kusvibisa mashoko akawanikwa, nokudaro kuumba mufananidzo wakaenzana wepasi rakapoteredza mutariri.

Chimiro cheziso chinopa binocular chiratidzo. Maziso anogadzira chirongwa chakaoma kwazvo mumutambo wavo. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nazvo kuti munhu anokwanisa kunzwisisa, kugadzira data rakagamuchirwa kubva kunze kwenyika. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinokosha zvegadziriro iyi ndeyemagetsi emagetsi. Inobva pakuratidzwa kwevanhu.

Rinorongwa sei?

Kana iwe ukadzidza urongwa hweziso revanhu, unogona kuona kuti nhengo yacho yose yakafanana nebhora. Izvi ndizvo zvakakonzera zita re "apple" rake. Chimiro chemaziso chiri mukati uye zvitatu zvakatarisana zvakatarisana:

• Outdoor;
• Vascular;
• The retina.

Shells eziso

Saka, ndechipi chitarisiko cheziso chiri kunze? Iyo yepamusoro inonzi "cornea". Ichi chigadziko chinogona kufananidzwa nehwindo rinotanga maonero enyika yakakupoteredza. Icho chiri kuburikidza ne cornea iyo chiedza chinopinda maziso ekuona. Sezvo cornea iri convex, inokwanisa kukanganisa chiedza chechiedza, asi kuvhuna. Chimwe chikamu cheziso panze chinonzi "sclera". Icho chipingamupinyi chisingagoni kudzivirirwa kuchiedza. Kutarisa sora iri sezai rakabikwa.

Chikamu chinotevera, chakabatanidzwa mune izvo zvinonzi zvivako zvisinganzwisisi ziso, zvinonzi chiroroid. Sezvinenge zvatove zvichitevera kubva kune zita racho, inoumbwa nemidziyo iyo oxygen nezvimwe zvidimbu zvakakosha uye zvinhu zvinopinda muropa kusvika kumatumbu. Iko shell ine zvikamu zvakawanda:

• Iris;
• Ciliary body;
• Choroid.

Zvakaitika kuti vanhu vanoteerera mavara emeso e-interlocutor. Zvichazove, zvinogadzirisa sarudzo yeziso, iyo iris: inowedzera humwe ruvara. Sezvo cornea inokubvumira kuti uone iris yemumwe munhu, unogona kuona kuti mavara maziso omunhu waunosangana naye.

Mudzidzi wacho ari kunyanya pakati pe iris. Iine chimiro chakakomberedzwa, uye inoshandura hupamhi hwayo, ichitarisa pamwero wekujekesa. Mukuwedzera, kuwedzera kwechikoro kunoshandiswa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana (somuenzaniso, kutora mishonga).

Kufamba zvakadzika

Kana iwe ukatarisa iris, unogona kuona kamera yakatarisa. Iko pano iyo nzira dzinowanikwa, nekuda kwekuti intraocular fluid inobudiswa. Izvi zvinopararira muziso, kushambidza zvayo. Mune kona yekamuri kune nzvimbo yakashambidzika yemvura, iyo inotenderera ichibva mumeso. Uye mune zvakadzika zve ciliary body, unogona kuwana mutezo wokugara. Pamusana pekushanda kwayo, chimiro che lens chinoshanduka.

Icho choroid inotowedzera. Chimiro cheziso revanhu chinotarisa kuvapo kwemashure memhembwe yemavhesi, uye ndiye uyo anoshandisa zita iri rakanaka uye rine zita. Icho choroid inogara ichibatana ne retina, iyo inofanirwa kuitira kudya kwakakodzera kwemashutu.

Hondo yechitatu

Sezvo zvakataurwa pamusoro apa kuti chimiro chemaziso chinoratidza matatu mabhomba, zvakakosha kuti titaure pamusoro pe retina. Sezvo zita racho rinoratidzira, ichi chikafu chinosungirirwa. Inoumbwa nemasero emagetsi. Iyo shangu iri kuvhara ziso kune mukati mukati uye inovimbisa zvakanakisisa maonero kana iine utano.

Chimiro che retina chakadai kuti mufananidzo kubva kunze kwenyika unoratidzwa pano. Asi zvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvivara zvinoshanda zvakasiyana. Ihwo hukuru hwekuona hunopiwa ne macula, kureva, iyo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehupamhi hwehutachiona hwekuona kuiswa kwekuisa. Dhesi rakagamuchirwa ne retina inotamirwa kune mutsara chaiwo, kuburikidza kwavanopinda muuropi, kwavanoshandiswa nokukurumidza.

Uye chii chiri mukati?

Chii chakaitwa neziso revanhu, kana iwe uchiona pasi pematombo ose matatu? Pano unogona kuwana makamera maviri:

• Front;
• Musana.

Zvose mbiri izere nemvura inokosha. Mukuwedzera, pakarepo pane:

• The lens;
• Vitreous body.

Wekutanga mufananidzo wayo wakafanana ne lens iyo inonzi convex kumativi ose maviri. Iyo inogona kukanganisa chiedza chechiedza uye ichiita kuti ichipfuure. Pamusana pekushanda kwemarara, zvinoita kuti zvigone kutsvaga chifananidzo pane zvinyorwa zvemashuga. Asi vitreous body yakafanana nejelly. Basa rayo guru nderokudzivirira kusangana pakati pe fundus uye lens.

Fibrotic uye conjunctive membranes

Kudzidza nzvimbo yekugadzirisa kweziso, tanga ne conjunctiva. Icho chivara chakajeka kunze kweziso. Ndiye iye anofukidza maziso kubva mukati. Pamusana pekubatana kwemaziso emaziso anokwanisa kutsika zvakanaka pasina kukanganisa.

Kutaura nezvemabasa ezviso zveziso, mumwe haafaniri kukanganwa fiber membrane. Partially iyo yakasikwa kubva pachirera uye ine simba rakakura, rinovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvisinganzwisisi zviri mukati. Iyi shangu inokosha, asi mberi kwayo yakajeka uye yakafanana negirazi pairi. Ichi chikamu chemakumbo anonzi fibrous inowanzonzi se-cornea.

Chikamu chinyatsojeka chekombodzwa chakazara mumasero emagetsi, izvo zvinosimbisa kutengesa kwemashoko. Munzvimbo iyo shlera inopinda mukati mekonoa, imwe nhengo inopiwa. Nenguva iyi, itsika yekuziva nzvimbo ye stem cell concentration. Kuvonga kwavari, chikamu chekunze kweziso chinogona kuchinjwa nenzira yakakodzera.

Masero eziso

Imba yekare inowanikwa pakati pe iris ne cornea, kunyanya, iyo yakananga, pakarepo uye yakataurwa pamusoro pemvura. Kushatisa nzvimbo yemabhomba uye zvivako zveziso, zvishomanana kusvika mukati zvakadzika unogona kuona lens. Saka kuti haafaniri kubva pane chinzvimbo chakakosha, chimiro chine mitsipa yakaonda. Vanobatanidza nhengo kune ciliary body.

Makamuri epamberi uye kumashure azere nemhepo isina unyoro. Iri ndiro rinogadzirisa lens, rinopa michina yezvinhu zvinodiwa pakushanda kwe cornea. Izvi zvakakosha, nokuti zvinhu izvi zvehutano hwevanhu hazvina ropa ravo pachavo.

Optics - sangano rakaoma

Kuonekwa kwevanhu kunopiwa nechikonzero chokuti kune zvivako zvekuona zveziso. Izvo zvinokonzerwa ne-optics yakaoma yemaonero ekuti iwe unogona kuona dhesi kubva kune zvakasikwa. Kururamisa kuchava maonero echinhu chakakomberedza iye, kana munhu kazhinji achishanda nhengo dzose uye matukisi:

• Zvivako zvekubatsira zveziso;
• Chiedza-kutungamirira;
• Kuziva.

Nekushanda kwakakodzera, hapana mubvunzo pamusoro pekujekesa kworatidzwa.

Zvinhu zvinokosha zve optical system:

• Cornea;
• The lens.

Cherechedza kuti zvivhenekera zvishoma-chekugadzirisa ziso zvinosanganisira zvose vitreous uye mhepo iri mumakamuri eziso. Saka, chiratidzo chinenge chakanaka chete kana ivo:

• Zvisizvo;
• Hauna ropa;
• Usave nehutukutu.

Chero bedzi apo maziso echiedza anopfuura nepasi pemaitiro aya, vanozviwana ivo pachavo, apo chimiro chezvimbo yakapoteredza inoumbwa. Yeuka kuti inoratidza:

• Inverted;
• Yakaderedza.

Muchiitiko ichi, mafungiro emagunha anogadzirwa anopinda musungo uye anotapurirwa kuuropi kuburikidza naro. Neurons inotsvaga ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa, kuitira kuti munhu awane pfungwa yakajeka yezvinomupoteredza.

Cornea chinhu chakakomba cheziso reziso

Kuzvivako zvisinganzwisisiki zveziso ndezvezvinhu zvakasiyana, kwete nzvimbo yekupedzisira inokosha pakati payo iyo cornea inobata. Iyo inoumba shanu dzematehwe:

• Epithelium kubva mberi;
• Dhipatimendi reReichert;
• Stroma;
• Chivara cheDescemet;
• Endothelium.

Pasinei nendima shanu, uwandu hwekorne huri mamiriyoni chete. Cherechedza: kunyange chiedza chekuvhenekera kweziso chiri chakakura, cornea inongova chikamu chimwe chete pazvishanu zvefibrous membrane, kureva kuti, chikamu chiduku chekuoma kwakaoma.

Vertically, iyo cornea inenge inenge 11 mm, uye yakafara - mamiriyoni mana chete. Icho chimiro chechirongwa chinoita kuti chive pachena: masero anoumba mhuka dzinovakwa maererano nehurongwa hwakanyatsogadzirwa. Imwe shandiswa inoshandiswa nemasikirwo pakusikwa kornea ndiko kubviswa kwemidziyo yeropa. Asi kune dzakawanda zvemagumisiro ekuguma. Kune kuvhenekera kwechiedza cheziso maitiro akawanda, asi iyo nhengo inoratidzwa nepamusoro-soro simba, uye ndeimwe yepamusoro.

Ciliary body

Kuzvivako zvisinganzwisisi zveziso ndezvimwe zvikamu zvinoumba ciliary body. Icho chikamu chemuviri wechipfuva, chinomiririra chikamu chakati, chakakura zvikuru muhupamhi kupfuura zvimwe zvinhu. Kuratidzika, ciliary body inofanana nechikwata chechizungu. Pamwechete, masayendisiti anozviparadzanisa kuita zvikamu zviviri:

• Vascular, ndiko kuti, yakaumbwa nemidziyo;
• Muscular, yakasikwa ne ciliary muscle.

Chikamu chekutanga chinobatanidza zvinenge makumi manomwe makumi mapfumbamwe zvinogadzirisa zvinokwanisa kubudisa mvura inopa chikafu nekuchenesa kwekugadzirwa kwameso. Kubva pano, sinamoni ligaments inofamba, nekuda kwokuti kristallin lens yakasimba zvakasimba panzvimbo yakakodzera kwayo.

Retinitis seimwe yezvinhu zvinokosha zvekuona

Izvi zvinyorwa mumatomu zvinoratidzirwa sechimwe chinhu chemuoni analyzer. Chinhu chayo chinokosha ndiko kukwanisa kushandura chiedza chemapulisa mumagariro emagetsi, ayo anobva atorwa nemuviri womunhu.

Iyo retina ine zvikamu zvitanhatu:

• Pigmented (yakafanana ne-kunze). Ichi chinhu chinokwanisa kukonzera chiedza, kuitira kuti chiitiko chekupararira mukati meziso chakanyanya kuderedzwa.
• Cell inotsvaga. Masayendisiti anovadana kuti mabhodhoro uye zvimedu. Rhodopsin uye iodopsin zvinoumbwa muhutano.
• Izvo pasi pasi. Ichi chinhu chinoshingaira chechioni chekuona. Apo ziso rinoongororwa, ophthalmologist anozviona.
• Vascular layer.
• A nerve disk inoratidza pfungwa iyo mutsara unosiya ziso.
• Iyo yeruvara, iyo inowanzoita kuti inzwisise chikamu icho chemashupu uko kuwanda kwemakoni kuchikuru, zvichipa kuve nekugona kwemavara mavara ezvimbo yakapoteredza.

Uye rudzii rwemvura?

Pamusoro, ndatove ndataura nezvemvura inonzi intraocular fluid iyo inofanirwa kwekushanda kwemaziso, kuzadza makamuri. Kuratidzwa uye mukugadzirisa, inowanzoita semvura yakachena. Asi kuumbwa kwemaziso masikati kwakafanana ne plasma yeropa. Inopa simba rakakodzera.

Uye ziso rinodzivirirwa sei?

Tichifunga nezvehutano hwakadaro uye hwakaoma, mumwe haagoni kukanganwa nzira dzinodzivirirwa dzakapiwa nenzira yakasikwa. Nzvimbo yepamusoro yekuchengetedza icheki yeziso. Icho chitakiti chepafu. Kana iwe uchidzidza ziso rakatarisa, rinova rakajeka kuti rakafanana nepiramidi ine zvikamu zvina, asi sekunge ichitenderera. Musoro we piramidi inotarisa muhenya. Nzira yekufungidzira ine 45 degrees. Mukudzika, ziso revanhu riri 4 kusvika 5 cm.

Ngwarira: ziso reziso rakakura kudarika ziso. Izvi zvinodiwa, kuitira kuti muviri mafuta, uyewo mutsara nemasumbu, iyo muscular system inovimbisa kushanda kwakanaka kweziso, rinogona kugadziriswa pano.

Mafupa evewo chikamu chechimiro cheziso

Mumuviri wemuviri wakagadzikana, rimwe nerimwe rinodzivirirwa nemazana maviri emakore:

• Pasi;
• Icho kumusoro.

Vanobatsira kudzivirira iyo isina simba kubva pakuwana zvinhu kubva kunze. Kuvhara kwemaofidi kunoitika zvisingazivikanwi, zvinoparidzirwa ndezvenguva pfupi kwete nechinetso chakakomba, asi kunyange nekuputika kwemhepo. Mafungiro anochengetedza ziso paunobata.

Kuchenesa kunofadza kunobatsira kubudisa kornea yevhu guru. Vongai kwavari, kunyora kunopararira kwakapararira . Mafungiro aya anogadzirirwawo nemapuranga ari kukura pamakona. Munguva yedu vakave chinhu chinokosha pamusoro wehukodzero hwevanhu, asi chimiro chinogadzirirwa zvikurukuru kuchengetedza maitiro ekuona. Kuonga cilia, maziso anodzivirirwa kubva paguruva uye maduku maduku anogona kukanganisa tete tete.

Mafungiro evanhu mavara echepembenene anonyanya kuonda echeka. Pasi pe epithelium pane muscular layer:

• Circular, kuvimbisa kuvhara;
• Kusimudza kerubhi kubva kumusoro.

Asi rutivi rwomukati, sezvatotaurwa, rwakabatanidzwa ne conjunctiva.

Misodzi inoumbwa sei?

Nemisodzi mune tsika dzevanhu pane zviratidzo zvakawanda, tsika, kunyange mifananidzo yekufunga. Chidzidzo chechiGiriki chakave chakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore: "Varume vane simba havachemi," "Chemai zvinonyadzisa!". Ichokwadi here kuti misodzi inongova chiratidzo chekushaya simba kwemunhu? Zvisikwa, kuumba chigadzirwa chemabhanhire, chinoda kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kushanda kwezvinhu zvinoonekwa, saka zvirokwazvo, kunyange varume vanogona kukwanisa kuchema, nokudaro vachichenesa nekudzivirira maziso avo.

Misodzi iyi madonhwe akajeka emvura yakasvibirira, iyo inoratidzika nehutachiona husina simba. Kuumbwa kwemisodzi kwakaoma kwazvo, asi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mvura yakachena. Kazhinji kugoverwa kwezuva - pamusoro pemamiriyoni. Misodzi inochengetedza maziso uye anobatsira kudya mishonga, uyewo kuona zviri nani.

Zvombo zvinoshandiswa zvinosanganisira:

• Iron, kubudisa misodzi;
• Points of tears;
• Channels;
• Bag;
• Duct.

Dare iri muchitsiko cheziso, muchikamu chepamusoro chemadziro aro, kunze. Iko pano iyo misodzi inoumbwa, iyo inowira mumigwagwa inotarisirwa ichi, uye kubva kune ziso kumusoro. Kuwanda kwemvura kunofamba zvichienda pasi, uko chibatanidzo chekugadzirisa chinopiwa ichi.

Pano pane mairi maviri akaratidza: kubva kumusoro uye kubva pasi. Zvose zviri mumakona emukati, pamibvu dzemaziso. Kudzo navo, misodzi kuburikidza nemigwagwa inopinda mu sac pedyo nephipi remhino, uye zvakananga mumhino.

Ndezvipi zvisimba zviri muziso reziso?

Kana iwe ukadzidza mishonga yemasikisi, inova pachena kuti kune misi mitanhatu muziso revanhu. Vanopatsanurwa mumapoka anotevera:

• Obliques;
• Direct.

Yokutanga inoparadzaniswa mu:

• Pasi;
• Icho kumusoro.

Kutungamira - awa ndiwo mana akasara, ayo anozivikanwa nesayenzi pasi pemazita:

• Pasi;
• Kumusoro;
• Central;
• Lateral.

Mukuwedzera, maziso eziso rinosanganisira nzira dzataurwa pamusoro apa dzokusimudza maziso epamusoro uye kubwinya.

Zvirwere zvinowanikwa nehutano hwemaziso

Saka zvinoshanduka kuti vanhu vanotambura nezvirwere zveziso mumazera akasiyana. Zvinetso nemeso zvinotambudza vanhu pasinei nehupenyu hwehukama hwavo, upfumi, mararamiro ehupenyu, nyika. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva, inogona kunge yakagadziriswa inosanganiswa ne genetics, ecology kana zvimwe zvinhu. Kazhinji, matambudziko eziso anotsamwisa:

• Kurongeka kwakaipa kwechimwe chinhu kana chimwe chimwe chechigadziro;
• Chiremera chikamu cheziso.

Kusiyanisa zvirwere:

• Kupa kuderedza kuderedza;
• Zvirwere zvepabonde zvinoshanda.

Kubva kuboka rekutanga ikoko pane kazhinji:

• Muchidimbu-kuona;
• Farsightedness;
• Astigmatism.

Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira:

• Glaucoma;
• Cataract;
• Strabismus;
• Anophthalmos;
• Detachment of the retina;
• Myodescopy.

Kazhinji kazhinji kune nguva pfupi yapfuura myopia uye kutarisa. Muchiitiko chekutanga, ziso rinotaridzirwa nehurefu hunopfuura chimiro. Nokuda kwekunyengedza uku, chiedza chinonyanya kutarisa, kwete kusvika kune retina. Nemhaka yeizvi, munhu anoshaya kukwanisa kuona zvakajeka nyika yakamupoteredza, kunyanya zvinhu zviri kure. Kazhinji anopa magirazi ane diopters asina kunaka.

Nokuda kwekutarisa kunofananidzwa nemufananidzo wakatarisana. Chikonzero chechirwere ndechekuti lens inenge inelastic kana kuti ziso rinoderera murefu. Imba yekugara inowedzera simba, mahara anowedzera kupfuura retina, uye munhu wacho haagoni kujekesa zvakajeka zvinhu zviri pedyo. Muchiitiko ichi, nyora magirazi ane diopters akanaka.

Ngwarira: magirazi anofanira kunyorwa chete ne ophthalmologist, hazvibvumirwi kupa lenzi kana magirazi iwe pachako. Munguva yekusarudzwa, kuyera kweziso, kuverenga kwemafambi pakati pevadzidzi uye kunyatsoongorora kwechikwata ichi kunoitwa, pamwe nekuonekwa kwechiyero chekuvhiringidzika. Paunenge uchiongorora zvose zvakagadziriswa, chiremba anokurudzira kusarudza iyo kana magirazi, uye anogona kukukurudzira kuti uite chirwere kana nenzira imwe yekugadzirisa zvakaratidzwa.

Asi astigmatism haina kunyanya kufanana. Panguva imwechete, uropi haugone kuwana ruzivo rwakarurama pamusoro pezvimbo yakapoteredza nekuda kwekuremara kwemazimbe, iyo cornea, iyo inokonzera ziso shell kuti irege kurasikirwa nemamiriro emutambo.