Chii chakakonzerwa nekombiyuta?

Munhu wose anenge asarudza kudzidza chigadzirwa chemakombiyuta ehurumende, anonyatsopindirana neshoko rokuti "kombiyuta yemapuraneti". Tsanangudzo yaro yakazara haigoni kupiwa, sezvo pfungwa yacho inowedzera uye munhu wese anozviona kubva pakuona kwemaitiro ari kugadziriswa. Somuenzaniso, pane imwe nguva, mukurondedzerwa, kunyanya kubhadharwa kunowanikwa kune software software (command, registers, memory), uye mune imwe - kune hardware chikamu, chinosanganisira zvikamu zvechigadzirwa uye nzira yavanoita nayo. Sezvo muvhareji wemuridzi wekombiyuta ari kunyanya kufarira zvikamu, pane mirairo, ipapo tichakurukura mubvunzo kubva kune iyi.

Izvo zvekugadzira makombiyuta inzira yekuronga kushamwaridzana kwezvinhu zvinoumba kombiyuta. Kuti kuve nyore kunzwisisa, tsanangudzo dzezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvinhu zvinokosha zvinowanzopiwa.

Yese makombiyuta emazuva ano anobva pane zvinyorwa zvekugadzirisa zvakasarudzirwa naJohn von Neumann muna 1946. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana inzira inofambisa nzira yekuita sarudzo, umo operands uye deta zvinowanikwa mune imwechete yekuyeuchidza. Nenzira, iyi inotsanangura kuti sei ivhu raNe von Neumann ( von Neumann) rinoshandiswa mumakombiyuta ese emazuva ano. Zvisinei, kuedza kubva kwairi kwave kuchiitwa kwenguva yakareba.

Asi kudzokera kune zvishandiso zvinogadzirisa kuti chivakwa chekombiyuta pachako chinoratidzika sei. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonzi inonzi central processing unit (CPU), zvisinei, izvi zvinonyanya kukakavara nechekuremekedza makirasikiti epakombiyuta.

Icho chinhu chakakosha, chisiri pachena kukubvumirai kuti muone kuti makombiyuta epi anoshandiswa, ndirobhobhobhoyo. Pamusoro payo ndiyo mabhesi ekutaurirana (mabhasi) pakati pezvinhu zvose zvinosangana nebhobhobhoyo (uye mumwe nemumwe) kuburikidza nevanounganidza uye zvikepe. Izvo hazvina zvikwata zvebasa rose, sezvo chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakagadzirirwa kushanda neboka rinonyanya kushandiswa.

Pakati purogiramu ndiyo inyanzvi yekombiyuta yekombiyuta yose. Inomiririrwa ne microcircuit yakakura ine mabhiriyoni e-transistors mukati, kuumba maitiro anoita. Chero purogiramu inoshandiswa kuti iite kuurayiwa inoshandurwa kusinganzwisisiki kumushandisi (inotsanangurwa) mumakirini emakirini uye achinyatsonyatsoshandiswa pamutambo wepakati. Izvo zvivakwa zvekombiyuta zvinonyanya kugadziriswa nemhando yeCUU.

Iyo bhasikiti inoshandiswa, sezvakambotaurwa, inofanirwa kumiridzirwa nemitambo yekukurukurirana. Maererano nehutungamiri hwekutumidzwa kwemashoko kunopa kubatana:

• CPU uye RAM modules;
• Pakati pezvikepe zvehutano hwekunze huripo uye RAM. Pane imwe nzira inobvumira kuti zvikamu zvishande pamwe nehurongwa hwekushandisa uchishandisa mutungamiriri chaiye, achipfuura nepakati purogiramu;
• Pakati pezvikepe zvebhodhibhodhi uye CPU.

RAM ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chekombiyuta chero ipi zvayo yekushandisa, kunyange iri nyore kuverenga. Makombiyuta, zvinyorwa zvinorangarirwa zvinowanikwa mu microcircuits inoshandiswa kusvika kune mutsara we textolite nemaketani emhangura kushambadzira. Bhari imwe neimwe inopindirwa muchikwata chinowirirana chebhodibhodhi. Chikoro cheCUU chinotsanangura chizvarwa chinotsigirwa che RAM modules. Somuenzaniso, kana Intel Core2Duo processor yakagadzirirwa kushanda neDDR2 memory, Core inotevera inotanga kushandiswa kweDDR3 chete.

Mukuwedzera pakushanda, kune rumwe rudzi rwakasiyana rwemangariro. Iyo inomiririrwa, kutanga kwezvose, nemagetsi pa magnetic disks (hard disks).

Mukuwedzera kune zvikamu zvemukati, pane nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa zvekunze. Kuvonga chete kwavari zvinokwanisika kupa hutano hwemunhu nemuchina. Semuenzaniso, chekucherechedza, hove, khibhodi, kranera rekunakidza, uyewo scanner, printer, nezvimwe. - izvi zvose zviri kunze kwezvigadzirwa, pasina iyo kombiyuta inogona kuramba iri nyore metal bhokisi, chinhu chairo.

Iri basa rinopa pfungwa huru chete yekuvakwa kwekombiyuta. Mamwe mashoko akazara pamusoro pezvikamu zvinogona kuwanikwa paInternet.