Catacombs Roma: History, zvayakaita

The Faces Vazhinji Rome, zviuru nezviuru zvakati makore, ndiro guta kupfuura asinganzwisisiki muItaly, vanobva vapenyu peji dzakaitika yokufungidzira. Kuumbwa pamusoro emakore guru, uko chichinyatsobatanidzwa chokuita kare, zvanhasi uye nezveramangwana, zvinoshamisa yakakura nhamba nemamwe midziyo, zvichiita kuti chairo panze miziyamu. Historical netsika nhaka Vokusingaperi City riripo kuti vashanyi kuita zvinonakidza rwendo kupinda kure kare, uye ava kuziva ane parera kweItaly, zvichachengetwawo nzvimbo dzechiKristu.

Catacombe di Roma

Kwete Mapilgrim chete Orthodox, asiwo vashanyi zvose chaizvo kuziva chinhu chitsva uye vasingazivikanwi, migwagwa kutungamirira pevhu catacombs veRoma, ndiko rakakura richikurukura mazes ose tufa, masvingo ayo nokutsikisa niches nokuda vakavigwa. Multi-pamwero maberere, pakubhiti nzvimbo pasi guru munyika, akazviratidza chiKristu. Anozivikanwa dzechihedheni Saracen uye catacombs vechiJudha, uye masayendisiti ose vakawana anopfuura 60 pevhu labyrinths uye vanenge zviuru 750 crypts.

Vazhinji vavo akazviratidza mukuvamba yechiKristu, uye wokutanga chaizvo maberere yakatangwa 107 AD. APÓSTOL Petr vake nevadzidzi akawana akavimbika vanotevera pakati vanhu vakasiyana munzanga strata. VaKristu Roma vokutanga kazhinji kutambudzwa kubva Emperor akabvunza kuti chete iye akabvuma Mwari, uye vateveri chitendero chitsva vakanamata mumwe chete naKristu.

Catacombs dzaizopiwa vakavigwa

Kare, paiva pfungwa kuti catacombs reRoma vakanga vakavanza vanhu vaitambudzwa masoja mambo wacho, asi hazvisi: pachivande labyrinths, apo nguva dzose rima, hapana akararama, nokuti hazvitomboiti. Ruzivo kutsamwa nevatongi, vaKristu rakashandiswa makuva avo vadiwa aparadzane kuvaHedheni kusiyiwa yamabwe kana pachake yevaRoma, kubvuma nokutenda chitsva. Takachengeteka, vakachera tunnels kupinda tuff wokura huripo corridors, ndinosika guru richikurukura mazes kureba kubva 2.5 kusvika 5 mamita. Mountain dombo porous rakanyatsojeka nyoro, nyore anopararira, uye zviri nyore kuti kuchera kwakajairika nefoshoro kana pickaxe gadziriro yose kuchinja.

A zvishomanana nezvendima kuvigwa namaberere

On mativi ose corridors vaKristu akagogodza mumadziro ukapisa murwi niches (loculi) iri kuisa chitunha. Zvino rudzi guva norusvingo namabwe Slabs. Dead navo ndikandoshamba, uzodze nezvinonhuwira, sezvo vaKristu havafaniri aomeswe muviri, wakaputirwa Chifukidziro uye akaisa ari niche mugomba, kuvhara nayo nezvidhinha kana pamahwendefa pamusoro rakanga rakatemerwa zita wemufi uye laconic epitaph. Kazhinji kuvaka pamadziro mafuta rambi.

Pakadzika ari yakamanikana corridors rakacherwa akawanda akaturikidzana kusvikira mamita mashanu. The pevhu corridors vakabayiwa kubikuly - okumativi, vaiva hwakavigwa mumakamuri ane mhuri kana nzvimbo vanapapa uye kutenda kuvigwa.

Zvinofadza kuti vanhu akachera pachivande maberere, uye gare gare yaiva labyrinths mu inogutsa ezvinhu, akadana fossorami, Akavaperekedza kuzvidzora, kugadza mabhishopi. Mapako akawanda vanonzi vakavatevera, dzakadai catacombs ose Callistus muRoma vaiva ainzi archdeacon pamusoro Callistus, uyo akava papa. Pakutanga mashoko IV remakore, apo chiKristu chakanzi pamutemo chitendero, zvose kutambudzwa yevatendi vasingachaiti, uye pevhu racherwa navo, vakaona sezvo mukuru makuva.

Kuvhura akanganwa pevhu

Catacombs Roma kwainzi chiitiko chinokosha zvikuru muupenyu guru, asi pashure mazes remakore kuuya dongo, nekuti havachisiri akashandiswa kuvigwa vakafa. Mugomba, iyo kukava tsvene rezvapupu, mazana ezviuru aishanyira. Asi nokukurumidza nokuda nesimba mabhishopi eRoma vari zvikaramba uye hwakatamisirwa temberi muguta.

Kunyimwa dzasara vairemekedza vatsvene, namaberere vakakanganikwa kusvikira 1578, apo anotanga kuvaka mugwagwa Via Salaria uye akawana kumakuva wokutanga. Saka catacombs ose Priscilla akawanikwa - the vakakwirira, aibva mumhuri chakanaka uye anoremekedzwa uye aiva yakawanda panyika, iro pakanga pachivande kuvigwa.

The guru-pamwero kudzidza catacombs yaVatendi muRoma kuitika XIX remakore, uye mupiro chikuru kune avo tsvakurudzo chinowedzera Reiman Russian Artist anenge akanyorwa pamusoro makopi Pamifananidzo akachengetedzwa pamasvingo namaberere. Kubva 1929 anotanga kuunganidza uye uwandu zvinhu akaramba ari tunnels.

Catacombe von Priscilla

Christian mugomba hurongwa ndiyo rakakura vose, uye mukuru vavo zvakanaka akachengetedzwa catacombs ose Priscilla, iyo yakava kutekenyedzwa chaiyo. Vakaratidza yakasiyana mapatani ounyanzvi yekare: murals vane mifananidzo mifananidzo kubva Testamende yakare New, mavara murals, chikuru hunhu unova Mufudzi Akanaka - chiratidzo Jesu Kristu. A chikuru uchikwezvwa pamusoro catacombs yeRoma ndiyo kamuri duku mashoko echiGiriki, akanga mabhenji mariro zvokudya (Cappella Greca).

Kufarira rinoitwa nemasayendisiti ari II remakore yakajeka seinäkartta, iyo chinofananidzira mukadzi ari tsvuku rokwe inopenya uye chifukidziro chiedza. Ndiwo mufananidzo mukuru ane vachinyengetera musande.

Kupinda pevhu inovhiringidza riri pakero: Via Salaria, 430, angadzorwa vakaverengwa mabhazi 86 kana 92. Zvinofanira kuwana vari Piazza Crati, uye kutevera zviratidzo wakanyorwa Via Priscilla. Wana zvose mugomba zvinogoneka chete sezvo chikamu revashanyi boka.

Catacombe von San naVaCallisto

Zvisinei, chikuru kuvigwa wechiKristu vaiona Catacombs St. Callistus muRoma, akaonekwa II remakore. Munotatamura nokuti 12 makiromita pasi unonzi Appian nzira, dzinomirira mana-pamwero labyrinth, rinogona kunzi "guta vakafa" nokuti pane migwagwa, panosangana, uye kunyange nzvimbo. The pevhu namaberere, izvo nokubatanidza makuva akasiyana nguva, uye vanochera matongo zvino kushanda, uye kwete kuvigwa vose yakazaruka vaenzi. Mumazana kare pano takawana yokupedzisira nzvimbo dzinenge 50 vakafira kutenda uye 16 vanapapa, uye anonzi chikuru Monument pamusoro catacombs ose makuva dzechiKristu.

Chinonyanya dzakakurumbira guva Ndiro rinda St. Cecilia (Santa Cecilia), apo akachengetedzwa murals uye mosaics zvakakwana. Padare nezita "Little Vatican" nhema kutungamirira Church uye Roman papa Vakaurawa tsvene.

Underground kumakuva, iro basa kwaakaita Diakon Kallist, vaiona yakakurumbira catacombs Roma. How kusvika Catacombe von San naVaCallisto, riri pakero: Via Appia Antica, 110/126? City mabhazi akaverenga 118 (mbudo vanofanira kumisa chete zita) kana 218 (kuguma pfungwa nenzira Fosse Ardeatine) dovezut kuti nhoroondo varipo.

Catacombe von San Sebastiano

The kupfuura nyore ose maberere vari pachivande mana pamwero catacombs ose Saint Sebastian. Zvayaiva pakero: Via Appia Antica, 136, ivo vakapona kupfuura vamwe. Kamwe inovhiringidza yokuchinja vahedheni vakaviga vavanoda, uye pakazopera II remakore necropolis inofambidzana vatsvene Christian. Saint Sebastian, uyo akapikisa Kesari Diocletian, akafa mugore 298, uye avigwa ake zvisaririra vakagamuchira zita rayo iyezvino kare nezita catacombs Roma.

How kupinda rakasiyana tunnels, izvo kamwe misangano yechitendero mumazuva kutambudzwa kwevaKristu? Kuwana kwavari mabhazi guta kuverengwa 118 uye 218, uye kubuda panguva chemabhazi anofanira Cecilia Metella.

Chinokwezva nokuti vashanyi pevhu kumakuva

Vashanyi vakanga vakashanyira pachivande maberere, bvuma kuti zvakaoma kutsanangura akasiyana-siyana ari pamberi tombstones vakaona mazana emakore akapfuura.

Kwakakwidibira dongo corridors, riri nguva dzose kunyarara, kumutsa pfungwa rufu pedyo, asi risingazivikanwi mazes kuti vanochengeta zvakavanzika zvizhinji, achiri chinokwezva vashanyi vanoda chaizvo. The pristine modernity catacombs Roma yekare ose batai kure nguva yechiKristu.