Carbon nanotubes: kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, ehupfumi

Energy unokosha indasitiri, iyo inoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. The simba mamiriro wenyika kunoenderana nebasa masayendisiti akawanda indasitiri. Nhasi, vari kutsvaka nzira simba zvinyorwa. Zvinangwa izvi, vanoda kushandisa chinhu, kubva chiedza chezuva nemvura, kupedza pamwe mhepo simba. The midziyo kuti anogona vaunze simba kubva zvakatipoteredza, kunoongwa zvikuru.

tsananguro

Carbon nanotubes - yakareba harikunguruswi graphite ndege ane cylindrical chimiro. Kazhinji, ukobvu yavo rinosvika makumi inoverengeka nanometers yakawanda masendimita refu. Panoperera iri nanotube anoumba munhu idenderedzwa musoro uri chikamu chimwe fullerene.

Kune dzimwe mhando kabhoni nanotubes: esimbi uye semiconducting. Musiyano chikuru ndicho conductivity ano. Wokutanga mhando anogona kuitisa ichangobuda panguva tembiricha of 0 ° C, uye wechipiri - chete panguva yakakwirira tembiricha.

Carbon nanotubes: ehupfumi

Most ano kuitikawo akadai Zvakarurama Chemistry kana Nanotechnology, chokuita kuti nanotubes vane kabhoni skeletal marongerwo. Chii? Pasi mamiriro ichi chinoreva mamorekuru huru, izvo interconnected chete kabhoni maatomu. Carbon nanotubes, iyo inotorwa ehupfumi pakati namahwindo goko chimiro, vanokosheswa. Uyezve, paumbwe Data vari cylindrical chimiro. sepombi kwakadaro kunogona kugadzirirwa nokukanda graphite machira, kana kukura kubva yakananga tiwedzere. Carbon nanotubes, iyo mifananidzo vari pasi apa, vane kujairika yakarongeka. Vanouya akasiyana zvitarisiko uye sizes: kuroorwa-rukoko uye multi-layer yakananga uye sinuous. Pasinei nokuti nanotubes vari vakanaka kusimba, ndivo mashoko akasimba. Somugumisiro, zvidzidzo vakawanda vakawana kuti vane yokusafa ehupfumi akadai tensile uye simba flexural. Pasi zvinoitwa zvikuru zvokuimba kunetseka, zvinhu regai kumhanyira uye musaputsa, kureva, anogona kuchinja voltages siyana.

toxicity

Somugumisiro vakawanda kuferefeta, kwakaonekwa kuti kabhoni nanotubes anogona kukonzera matambudziko akafanana asbestos fibers, i.e. kuva zvakasiyana nyanyisa anomera uyewo kenza yemapapu. The mwero rwakashata simba asbestos kunobva mhando uye Ukobvu fibers ayo. Nekuti kabhoni nanotubes duku nouremu, ivo nyore kupinda muviri pamwe chete mhepo. Uyezve, havana anowira pleura uye vanobatanidzwa mubhokisi, uye pakupedzisira kuti siyana yematambudziko. Masayendisiti vakaperekedza kumwe kuedza uye akawedzera kuti zvokudya nembeva nezvimedu nanotubes. Products pakati dhayamita duku akapotsa haana kugara mumuviri, asi hombe - aicherwa masvingo mudumbu uye kukonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.

nzira gadziriro

To musi, pane zvinotevera nzira hwokubereka kabhoni nanotubes riemukaari nokuchengeta, ablation, nemhute deposition.

Electric buditsa. Kugadzirira (kabhoni nanotubes zvinotsanangurwa munyaya ino) mu plasma electric vebasa, rinopfuta nehelium. muitiro wakadaro anogona kuitwa pachishandiswa inokosha hwokugadzira zvokushandisa pakugadzira fullerenes. Asi vamwe chinhu chakakombama modes zvinoshandiswa nzira iyi. Somuenzaniso, magazini arambe achirema zvinoderedza, uye cathodes vaishandisa thicknesses makuru. Kusika pave nehelium zvakafanira kumutsa kumanikidzwa maatomu akafanana izvi. Carbon nanotubes yaunganidzwa spraying. Kuti nhamba yavo yakawedzera, unofanira kupinda graphite shamhu tiwedzere. Kazhinji, musanganiswa akasiyana mapoka zvesimbi. Uyezve, pane kuchinja kuitiswa uye sputtering nzira. Saka, mumwe cathode pellet, uye chine kabhoni nanotubes vari aumba. Finished zvigadzirwa vari achifumira perpendicularly kubva cathode uye dzakaunganidza mwanda. Vane kureba 40 microns.

Ablyasatsiya. nzira yakadaro yakanga yakaitwa Richard Smalley. Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti siyana vaporize graphite pose ari reactor, kushanda panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Carbon nanotubes vari inoumbwa ne kwemvura ine graphite panzvimbo dzapasi chikamu reactor. Kutonhora uye kuunganidza navo kuchiitika achishandisa kutonhora pemvura. Muchiitiko chokutanga, nhamba zvinhu akaenzana 60%, zvino ichi nzira nhamba yakawedzera 10%. Mari Laser absolyatsii nzira iri iyo yaidhura kupfuura vamwe vose. Kazhinji, nanotubes chete-nemasvingo wakagadzirirwa nokuchinja maitiro tembiricha.

The deposition kubva gasi danho. kabhoni mhute deposition nzira yagadzirwa mukupera 50s. Asi hapana aigona kufanoona kuti pachishandiswa zvichibvira kuwana kabhoni nanotubes. Saka, kutanga unofanira kugadzirira pechiso tiwedzere. Sezvo kungava nezvimedu yakanaka nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso, cobalt, nickel uye nevamwe. Nanotubes vari kutanga kubuda kubva tiwedzere rukoko. ukobvu kwavo kunoenderana kukura catalyzing simbi. The pemvura iri neshungu refu tembiricha, uye ipapo wedzerai negasi ine kabhoni. Pakati pavo, - .., methane, atsetelen, panyaya iyi, etc. Somunhu mberi kwacho gasi ndiyo amoniya. Ichi kugadzirwa nzira ndicho nanotubes. The muitiro pacharo anotora nzvimbo panguva dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri emakambani, saka kuti mari shoma iri kushandiswa pakugadzira vakawanda sepombi. Chimwe chakanakira nzira ichi ndechokuti kutwasuka nhengo anogona kuwanikwa chero simbi inoramba kuti vave nokuva gombedzero. Kugadzirira (kabhoni nanotubes zvinorondedzerwa kumativi ose) zvibvire ndatenda kutsvakurudza Suomi Iijima, vaicherechedza pasi maikorosikopu Pakuonekwa kwavo pamusana kubatana kwetunhu kabhoni.

The Mhando chikuru

Carbon zvinhu dzinoiswa maererano nokuwanda akaturikidzana. The nyore mhando - chimwe-akavakirirwa kabhoni nanotubes. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane Ukobvu anenge 1 nm, uye urefu kwavo kungava zvikuru. Kana tikafunga nemamiriro, chigadzirwa sechinhu graphite wrap achishandisa hexagonal afoot. In vertices yayo iri carbons. Saka chubhu ine cylindrical chimiro, isina vazvo. Yokumusoro Chikamu yatisingagamuchirwi lids mano rinoumbwa fullerene mamorekuru.

Next maonero - multiwall kabhoni nanotubes. Zvinosanganisira anoverengeka akaturikidzana ose graphite kuti ukapisa murwi mu chimiro humburumbira. Daro therebetween anodzokororwa pa 0.34 nm. Sechivako ichi mhando zvinorondedzerwa kushandisa nzira mbiri. Pazuva rokutanga, multi-chubhu - mashoma nested chete-rusvingo nyere kuti anotarisa akafanana Russian mudhori. Kechipiri, nanotubes multi-akavakirirwa vari graphite jira riri wakaputirwa kakawanda kumativi pacharo, iro zvakafanana akapeta pepanhau.

Carbon nanotubes: mafomu

Zvinhu muchiso itsva nhengo vekirasi nanomaterials. Sezvambotaurwa, vane chitunha yakarongeka iyo yakasiyana kubva ehupfumi ari graphite kana nedhaimani. Saka Rinoshandiswa kakawanda kupfuura vamwe zvinhu.

Nokuda maitiro akadai simba tensile, flexural simba, conductivity, anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda:

• sezvo yokuvirisa kuti Polymers;
• tiwedzere kuvheneka mano, uyewo sandara emadziro anoratidza uye handsets mu telecommunication network;
• somunhu absorb pamusoro remagetsi nemafungu;
• simba kutendeuka;
• anodes siyana bhatiri mhando;
• Storage rehydrogen;
• kugadzira sensors uye capacitors;
• chinoumbwa kugadzirwa uye amplification mamiriro avo uye zvivako.

Kwemakore akawanda, carbon nanotubes, kushandiswa iyo hakungoitwi imwe maindasitiri, anoshandiswa kwesainzi. zvinhu kwakadaro ane simba chinzvimbo pamusika, sezvo pane matambudziko pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa. Chimwe chinokosha ndechokuti kwemitengo yezvinhu kabhoni nanotubes, riri pamusoro 120 emadhora por imwe giremu yacho fuma.

Vari kushandiswa senzvimbo chinokosha nokuda pagadzirwe chinoumbwa zhinji, iyo inoshandiswa kuita zvakawanda zvemitambo nhumbi. Chimwe indasitiri -avtomobilestroenie. Functionalization kuti kabhoni nanotubes vari unyanzvi ipfupi kuti kumuroora Polymers conductive ehupfumi.

Coefficient pamusoro chafariz conductivity ose nanotubes zvakakwirira zvakakwana, saka dzinogona kushandiswa senzvimbo kutonhora mudziyo kuti siyana hombe michina. Uyewo vakaita nguwani kuti vasiyana pombi vachiongorora.

Chinonyanya kukosha bazi zvikumbiro zvinosanganisira Michina kombiyuta. Nokuda nanotubes vari kunyanya sandara-emadziro anoratidza. Achibatsirwa pavo, unogona kuderedza kukura kombiyuta, uyewo kuwedzera ayo rwokugadzira unongotaura. Agadzirira midziyo achava kanoverengeka kupfuura ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Pahwaro yezvidzidzo izvi, unogona kusika kumusoro-kinescopes.

Nokufamba kwenguva, zvibereko richashandiswa kwete chete zvemagetsi, asiwo utano uye simba sectors.

kugadzirwa

Carbon sepombi, kugadzirwa iyo akagoverwa pakati mhando vaviri, zvakaenzana anoparadzirwa. Kureva, MWNT berekai zvikuru kupfuura SWNT. The mhando chechipiri Itai panjodzi. Various yemakambani ndichifunda kubudisa kabhoni nanotubes. Asi kwokudiwa havana kushanda hatishandisi, nekuti marii kukwirira.

vatungamiriri kugadzirwa

Panguva ino, aitungamirira nzvimbo iri kugadzirwa kabhoni nanotubes achiitei Asian nyika, kugadzirwa vanokwanisa riri kupfuura ka3 kupfuura mune dzimwe nyika muEurope uye America. Kunyanya, kugadzirwa MWNT iri paaivatambudza Japan. Asi dzimwe nyika, dzakadai Korea uye China, havana bvumidza mune chakarurama ichi.

Production muRussia

Domestic kugadzirwa kabhoni nanotubes iri kure shure dzimwe nyika. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvinobva kunaka kutsvakurudza munharaunda iyi. Hakuna dzinounzwa mari yakakwana kuti kukura zvesainzi nzvimbo munyika. Vanhu Vakawanda musaonesesa kukura Nanotechnology, nekuti handizivi sei rinogona kushandiswa indasitiri. Naizvozvo, yezwi itsva upfumi muhwezva Zara rakanyatsojeka zvakaoma.

Naizvozvo, purezidhendi Russian chirevo, rinotaura kukura munzvimbo siyana Nanotechnology, kusanganisira kabhoni zvinhu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, purogiramu inokosha kukura akasikwa kugadzira dzavo ruzivo. Company "Nanotechnologies" akasikwa kuti pfungwa dzose murayiro wakaita ,. kushanda kwayo akanga dzinounzwa wandei kubva nehurumende bhajeti. Zvakanga iye ndiani kudzora magadzirirwo, kugadzirwa Implementation mune maindasitiri mafomu ose kabhoni nanotubes. Mari dzinounzwa kupedza pamusoro pokumuka siyana tsvakurudzo ne mumarabhoritari, uyewo kubatsira kusimbisa huripo nebudiriro mumhuri masayendisiti. Uyewo, mari iyi ichashandiswa kuti kutenga yepamusoro zvokushandisa pakugadzira kabhoni nanotubes. Zvinofanira atarisire avo namano kuti achadzivirira utano hwevanhu, sezvo zvinhu kunokonzera zvakasiyana siyana zvirwere.

Sezvambotaurwa, dambudziko rose iri kurera mari. vanoita Most havadi vanopedzisira pakutsvakurudza uye kukura, kunyanya kwenguva refu. mabhizimisi All vanoda kuona purofiti, asi Nano-anogona kuenda kwemakore. Ndizvo achisunda vamiririri diki uye svikiro kadikidiki bhizimisi. Uyezve, pasina ruzhinji mubhizimisi haazorambi zvakazara kutanga kugadzirwa nanomaterials. Chimwe chinetso kushaya pamutemo, sezvo hapana nhume pakati siyana nzendo basa. Naizvozvo, carbon nanotube kugadzirwa mu Russia, usina vakati, dzingada kwete chete nemari, asiwo kwepfungwa inivhesitimendi. Nepo Russian Federation iri kure kunyika dzokuAsia vari kutungamirira kukura Nanotechnology.

To zuva, kubudirira mune indasitiri mubasa zvemakemikari mumadhipatimendi ose kumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk uye Kazan. Vaitungamirira Vagadziri kabhoni nanotubes dzakasimba "Garnet" uye Tambov chirimwa "Komsomolets".

Positive uye zvinhu zvisingafadzi

Pakati zvazvakanakira tinogona kusiyanisa chaiwo ehupfumi kuti kabhoni nanotubes. Ivo rakasimba zvinhu, riri pasi pokudzora zvokuimba kushushikana haina kuparadzwa. Mukuwedzera, vanoshanda zvakanaka vachikotama uye ndichisveerera. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti nokuda namahwindo urongwa pamatanda. Kushandiswa ravo hakungoitwi chimwe chikamu. The sepombi dzave kushandiswa motokari, zvinhu zvemagetsi, mushonga uye simba.

Huge drawback ndiyo inokanganisa utano hwevanhu. Nezvimedu nanotubes kupinda muviri womunhu, kukonzera nyanyisa namamota uye kenza.

Kunokosha ndiyo mari yose zvekutepfenyura ichi. Vanhu vazhinji havadi kuti mari zvesayenzi, sezvo iwe unofanira nguva yakawanda kuti purofiti. Uye pasina kushanda tsvakurudzo mumarabhoritari havagoni kuva kukura Nanotechnology.

mhedziso

Carbon nanotubes basa guru iri itsva ruzivo. Nyanzvi dzakawanda kufungidzira kukura indasitiri ino mumakore anouya. Pachava kuwedzera kugadzirwa chinzvimbo, izvo kuchaderedza mari nenhumbi. Pamwe kudzikisa mitengo, kuti chubhu uchava huru vade, uye vachava chinhu irreplaceable mashoko mano uye midziyo zhinji.

Saka, takazoziva kuti chii chinoumba zvigadzirwa izvi.