Bhronzi is alloy. Mifananidzo yebhandi

Bhronzi isimbi yakagadzirwa nemhangura. Ivhu rekubatsira rinogona kuva nickel, zinc, tin, aluminium uye vamwe. Muchikamu chino tichakurukura maitiro, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, makemikari. Chimiro chendarira, uyewo nzira dzekugadzirwa kwayo.

Kurongwa

1. Makemikari aya esimbi yakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Yokutanga is tin bronzes. Mavari, tini ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Yechipiri haina tine. Pasi apa, tichakurukurirana izvi nekunyatsotsanangura.

2. Pachikonzero chezvinhu zvesayenzi, bhandi inowanzogoverwa kuva yakasvibiswa uye yakasikwa. Iyo yekare yakanyatsogadziriswa pasi pesimba. Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirwa.

Iyi simbi inofananidzwa nechendarira ine unhu huri nani huri nani, inogadzirisa zvinhu, uyewo kugadzirisa kusagadzikana. Zvechokwadi, ndarira isimbi yemhangura uye tini (semuenzaniso mukuru wekubatsira). Nickel uye zinc pano haisi hurukuro huru, nekuda kwechinhu ichi shanduro dzakadai sealuminium, tin, manganese, silicon, mutungamiri, iron, beryllium, chromium, phosphorus, magnesium, zirconium nezvimwe.

Tin bronzes: Foundry

Ngationei kuti simbi yakaita sei. Tin bronze (mufananidzo uri pasi apa unoratidza mashoko akaumbwa) isariti ine inoderera inoyerera ichiyerera pane mamwe marudzi. Zvisinei, ine chinhu chisingakoshi chekugadzirisa shrinkage, iyo inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mifananidzo yakaumbwa yendarira. Izvi zvinokonzera kushandiswa kwebhandi kushandiswa pakukanda zvikamu zvekudzivirira. Uyewo, sarudzo iri mubvunzo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwevhavha yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mumhepo yakadzika (kusanganisira mumvura yegungwa) kana mumhepo, mumafuta uye pasi pekumanikidza. Iko kunewo izvo zvinonzi zvisingaenzaniswi foundry bronzes yezvinyorwa zvinotarisirwa. Iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemakumbo, magasi, mabhuni, zvikamu zvemapombi, zvindori zvekuvhara pasi. Nhengo dzakadaro dzakagadzirirwa kushanda pasi pekumanikidzika kwepamamiriro ezvinhu, pakukwirira zvakanyanya uye zviduku zvishoma.

Tungamira ndarira

Iyi subspecies ye foundary tin alloys inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwekutakura, zvisimbiso uye kuumbwa kwakagadzirwa. Mabhanoni akadaro anowanikwa nechepasi mashizha, kuitira kuti pakugadzirwa kwekutakura mabhesi uye kushandiswa kwemvura zvinongoshandiswa chete kune steel substrate nenzira yehutete hwakanyanya. Alloys ine kuwedzera kwechitini ine yakakwirira yemichina. Nokudaro, inogona kushandiswa isina nheyo yesimbi.

Tin bronzes: yakaoma

Izvo zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa nekumanikidzwa zvinowanzogoverwa mumapoka anotevera: tin-phosphorus, tin-zinc uye tin-zinc-mutungamiri. Vakawana kushandiswa kwavo mumashizha emapurp uye mapepa (kubva kwavari vanoita magri) uye maginjiniya engineering (kugadzirwa kwezvitubu, mabheti nemashandi emagetsi). Mukuwedzera, zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira bimetallic michina, mabheti, mabhanhire, zvikwata, magasi, magasi, mabhanhire uye gaskets emakemikari akareruka, tubes of instrumentation, mapeji ekumanikidza. Muunyanzvi hwemagetsi, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwebhuroni (kusagadziriswa) kunotsanangurwa nekanakisisa michina yepamusoro (pamwe chete nemagetsi epamusoro). Inoshandiswa mukugadzira zvitubu zvinotakura ikozvino, plug-in connectors, shamwari. Mukemikari indasitiri, tsini yeatini inobudiswa kubva kune tini bhandi, mune zvakanyatsogadzirwa magetsi - kusimbiswa, mumashini epapepa - scrapers, mumotokari uye motokari - bushings uye mabheji.

Aya alloys anogona kugoverwa mune zvakanyanya zvakaoma, zvakasimba, zvakasimbiswa uye zvinyoro (annealed) mamiriro enyika. Tin bronzes inowanzobatwa kunotonhora (kubvongodza kana kutora). Tsvina yehuni inongowanikwa pasi pekunyorwa. Pasi pemhirizhonga, bharoni yakanyatsogadziriswa mumvura inotonhora uye inopisa.

Beryllium bronze

Icho chizere chechikwata chechikwata chekunaya-kunowedzera simbi. Iyo ine yakakwirira yemagetsi, yepanyama uye yakasununguka zvinhu. Beryllium bronze ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekudzivirira kushushikana, kurwisa kwehurosi uye simba recyclic. Iyo inopesana nekudzikira kwakadzika, haiti magnetize uye haisi kupa masikati kana ichirova. Kupera kweberyllium bronzes kunoitwa pamatambo echando che 750-790 degrees Celsius. Kuwedzerwa kwe cobalt, simbi uye nickel zvinobatsira kuti kupisa kushandiswa kuderedze kuwedzera kwechikamu chekushandura, izvi zvinobatsira zvikuru teknolojia yekukwegura nekuoma. Mukuwedzera, kuwedzerwa kwe nickel kunokurudzira kuwedzera kwekushisa kwererystrization, uye manganese inogona kutora nzvimbo, zvisinei kwete zvakakwana, inodhura beryllium. Izvo zvimiso zvemhangura zviri pamusoro apa zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa shanduro iyi mukugadzira zvitubu, zvikamu zvinoputika, uye membrane mumashandiro ekurinda.

Copper Alloy ne Manganese

Bhongo yakadaro inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro. Inoshandiswa nekumanikidzwa, zvose mumvura inotonhora uye muhuni. Iyi simbi inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwekudzivirira kushanda, uyewo kurwisana nekuora. Irojeri yemhangura ine kuwedzerwa kwema manganese yakawana kushandiswa kwakawanda muvira romoto.

Silicon Bronze

Iri jira, rinosanganisira nickel, kazhinji-manganese. Tsvina yakadaro inoratidzirwa ne ultrahigh mechanical, antifrictional uye elastic properties. Panguva imwecheteyo, silicon bronze haina kurasikirwa nepurasitiki yayo mumamiriro ezvinhu akaderera kutonhora. Irosi yacho inoshandiswa zvakanaka, inosungirirwa nekumanikidzirwa kumadzikidzwa maviri uye pasi. Simbi iri mubvunzo haisi magnetized, haina kuwedzera pamigumisiro. Izvi zvinotsanangura kushandiswa kwakakura kwebhandi (silicon) mumakungwa ekugadzira ngarava mukugadzirwa kwekudzivirira zvikamu, kubereka, zvitubu, grids, evaporators, mambure uye mafambiro ekufambisa.

Foundry yose-tin alloys

Rudzi urwu bhendarira runoratidzika nehutachiona hwakanaka, kudzivirira maitiro, uyewo simba rakakwirira. Inoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu zvinoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Izvi ndizvo, semuenzaniso, magasi, mabheji, mabhuni, magasi ane magetsi ane simba uye magwenga, honye dzinoshanda padaddle dzine zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakasimbiswa, zvigaro zvinoshanda pasi pekumanikidzika uye kushungurudza mitoro.

Nzira yekuita sei ndarira?

Iko kushandiswa kwesimbi iyi kunofanira kuitwa mukati mehuni inokosha inoshandiswa pakutsvaira kwemaarroys emhangura. Mutero wehta unogona kugadzirwa nematare matsva kana nekuwedzerwa kwemarara. Iko kusvina kunowanzoitwa pasi pehupamhi hwekuyerera kana marasha.

Iko kushandiswa kushandiswa kusanganiswa kwemasimbi matsva kunowanikwa mune imwe tsanangudzo. Kutanga, chiyero chinodiwa chekuyerera kana mashizha chakakandwa muvira romoto. Zvino isa mhangura ipapo. Mushure mokumirira kuti yakanyunguduka, simudzira kupisa kwemafuta kusvika 1170 degrees. Mushure meizvi, kunyauka kunofanira kunge kwakasvibiswa, iyo iyo phosphorus mhangura inowedzerwa. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa mumatanho maviri: zvakananga muvira, uye zvakare mucheche. Muchiitiko ichi, kuwedzera kunowanikwa mukuenzana kwakaenzana. Uyezve, izvo zvakakosha zvinoshandiswa zvinopisa kusvika kune digirii 120 zvakawedzerwa kuzinga. Kuratidzira zvikamu zvinofanira kuiswa mumhando ye ligature. Uyezve, bhandi yakanyungudutswa (mufananidzo uri pasi apa unoratidza kusveta) inosanganiswa kusvikira zvinhu zvose zvakawedzerwa zvakapera zvachose uye zvinopisa kuvhudziro yakatarwa. Paunenge uchibudisa gorosi rinobva muvira, musati warasa, rinofanira kunge rakagadziriswa neasara (50%) emhangura phosphorus. Izvo zvinoitwa kuti isunungure bronze kubva mumakisikiti uye kuwedzera kusvibiswa kwezvinyauka.

Kusvetwa pamusana pekugoverana zvinhu

Kuti uite bhandi uchishandisa zvigadzirwa zvechipiri nemarara, felting inofanira kuitwa nenzira inotevera. Chokutanga, mhangura inonyunguduka uye yakasanganiswa ne phosphorous additives. Zvadaro vanowedzera kuendesa zvinhu kusvika kunyauka. Mushure meizvi, kunyungudutswa kwakakwana kwesimbi kunotarisirwa uye zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa muhutano hwakakodzera. Muchiitiko chekuti mutoro unoumbwa nehuwandu hwemhangura yakachena, unofanira kutanga usungunusa zvishandiswa zvakare, uye wobva wawedzera mhangura uye zvinyorwa zvese. Kunyorera kunoitwa pasi pemvura yakasviba kana marasha.

Mushure mekunyungudutsa mutengo uye kuchipisa kumhepo inenge yakakodzera, musanganiswa wacho pakupedzisira unokonzerwa nehupfu hwemhangura. Iyo inyauka inobva yavharwa ne calcined carbon kana yakasvibiswa inobva kumusoro. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvekupedzisira ndeye 2-3 muzana yehukuru hwesimbi. Iyo inotungunuka inoputika yakwegura kwemaminitsi makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu, nguva nenguva yakavhenganiswa, uye ipapo iyo yakaparadzaniswa slag inobviswa kubva kumusoro kwayo. Yese yendarira yakagadzirira kukanda. Kuti uwedzere kubviswa kwe slag mumucheka, unogona kuwedzera ganda re quartz, rinoita kuti riwedzere. Kuti uone kana bhandi yakagadzirira kupinza muumbwa, chirongwa chinokosha chekombiki chinoitwa. Kuparara kwemuenzaniso iwoyo kunofanirwa kunge kwakafanana uye kwakachena.

Aluminium bronze

Iro isimbi yendarira uye aluminium sealloying element. Nzira yekunyungudutsa iyi simbi yakasiyana zvikuru kubva pamusoro apa, iyo inotsanangurwa nemakemikari maitiro ezvakabatsira. Funga kuti ungaita sei bhhironi uchishandisa aluminium alloying components. Mukugadzirwa kweiyo gorosi uchishandisa zvinhu zvakagadziriswa mumutambo, kushandiswa kweooxidizing ne phosphorous components hazvishandisi. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti phosphorus inoratidzwa nehukama hwakaderera hwemakemikemu yeakisiya kupfuura aluminium. Iwe unofanirwawo kuziva kuti rudzi urwu rwebhandi hunonyanya kunetseka nekupisa, naizvozvo kutonhora hakufaniri kudarika 1200 degrees. Munzvimbo yakanyanyisa, aluminium inogadziriswa, uye lendarira yendarira yakazadzwa nemagesi. Mukuwedzera, iyo oxide yakaumbwa panguva yekunyungudzana kwemhando iyi yemhangura haina kudzorerwa nekuwedzera kwe deoxidizers, uye zvakaoma zvikuru kubvisa iyo kubva kunyauka. Iyo firimu ye-oxide ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yepamusoro, iyo inonyanya kuderedza kusvibiswa kwendarira uye kunokonzera kurambwa. Kunyorera kunoitwa zvakasimba kwazvo, pamiganhu yepamusoro yechando chokupisa. Mukuwedzera, usanonoka kugadzirira kunyauka muchoto. Kana ukanyungudutsa aluminium yendarira sechifukidzo, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa kushanduka, izvo zvinosanganisira 50% soda ash uye 50% ye cryolite.

Iyo yakapedzwa yakanyungudutswa yakanatswa nekuumbwa mumhando ye manganese chloride kana zinc chloride (0.2-0.4% yehuwandu huwandu hwemhosva) vasati vashamba. Mushure mekuita izvi, iyo alloy inofanira kubvumidzwa kumira kwemaminitsi mashanu kusvikira gasi risina kugadzikana zvachose. Mushure mokunge, musanganiswa unounzwa kutsika inoda kudiwa uye inodururwa mumumanda.

Kuti udzivise kusarura muhutu hwemhangura nehupamhi hwehutachiona hunotakura (50-60%), zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera 2-2.3% nickel nenzira yemhangura-nickel ligatures. Kana kuti semafungiro, zvinokosha kushandisa sarphine sulphate salt. Nickel, sirivha, manganese, kana iri chikamu chendarira, inofanira kuiswa mukati mehutete pamberi peti tin additive procedure. Mukuwedzera, kuvandudza hutano hwesimbi yakagadzirwa, dzimwe nguva inogadziriswa ne zvinyorwa zviduku zvakabva pane zvisingatengesi zvigadzirwa.