Bhatyscaphe - chii ichocho? Kuvaka

Kana iwe wakambotarisa mafirimu anozivikanwa eboka re Cousteau pamusoro pepasi pepasi pemvura, iwe haugoni kubatsira kukuyeuka zvinoshamisa, spacecraft-semvura iri pasi pemvura - bathyscaphes. Saka chii chinonakidza pamusoro pe bathyscaphe, chii chinokwanisika kuongorora nekuishandisa? Nekubatsirwa kwemidziyo iyi, munhu anogona kuzvidzora mumvura yakadzika yezvinyorwa zvesayenzi uye ruzivo rwezvisinganzwisisiki zvakadzika zveWorld Ocean.

Etymology yezita racho

Nezita rayo, bathyscaphe inokonzerwa na Auguste Piccard, muumbi akafunga izvi. Izwi rinoumbwa kubva pamashoko maviri echiGiriki, zvinoreva "chikepe" uye "zvakadzama". Muna 2018, "mudziyo wakadzika mumvura" ichapemberera makore makumi masere.

Kuziva kwebhayscaphe

Piccard yakagadzira mvura yakadzika-mvura nguva pfupi pashure pekuguma kweHondo Yenyika II, muna 1948. Vafambi vezvigadzirwa zvekushambidzika vaiva mabhatiyipresti - makadzika-gungwa mafashoni muchimiro chebhora. Chokutanga chikepe chakadaro chakagadzirwa muAmerica mumakore makumi matatu nemakumi maviri ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri uye rakanyatsogadzika kusvika pakadzika mamita 1000.

Musiyano pakati pe bathyscaphe uye bathysphere ndeyekuti vekare vanogona kutamira voga mumutsetse wemvura. Kunyange zvazvo kufambisa kwekufamba kwakakura uye kune mazamu matatu, asi izvi zvakakwana kuita zvesayenzi uye zvebasa zvakagadzirirwa kumakamuri.

Hondo isati yasvika, vaSwitzerland vakanga vachishanda pabolon ye stratospheric, uye akauya nechinangwa chokugadzira ngarava yemvura yakangofanana nemitemo yezvigadzirwa nemhando dzakadaro dzinobhururuka sechidimbu uye neaerostat. Izvo chete nokuda kwebhayscaphe, panzvimbo yebhokisi re-aerostat, iro rakazadzwa negesi, ibhoti inofanira kuzadzwa neimwe zvinhu ine uwandu hushoma kupfuura huwandu hwemvura. Nokudaro, nheyo yekushanda kwebhayscaphe inofananidzwa nesimbi.

Bhatyscaphe device

Ko bhayscaph chii, chii chinonzi gondola uye inotenderera? Izvo zvakagadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvekushambadza zvakafanana kune imwe uye zvinosanganisira zvikamu zviviri:

• Muviri wakareruka, kana seanonzi - svetuka;
• Muviri wakasimba, kana anonzi gondola.

Chinangwa chikuru chekutenderera ndechekuchengetedza bathyscaphe pachidimbu chakadikanwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, makamuri akawanda akashongedzerwa mumuviri usina simba, wakazara nenhengo ine uwandu hwakadzika kupfuura hwemvura yemunyu. Mabhati ekutanga akazadzwa neine mafuta, asi mazuva ano anoshandisa mamwe mabheji - zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirwa.

Scientific equipment, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekudzivirira uye kutsigira, vashandi ve bathyscaphe vanogara mukati memhosva yakasimba. Simba gondolas rakagadzirwa nesimbi.

Nhumbi dzemazuva ano dzomumakungwa dzomugungwa dzine muviri wakakomba wakagadzirwa we titanium, aluminium alloys kana zvimwe zvikamu. Havasi pasi pekuora uye kugutsa simba rinodiwa.

Ndekupi kupisa njodzi pamusasa we bathyscaphe?

Dambudziko guru rezvose zvakadzika-gungwa motokari uye zvigungwa zvemvura ine simba guru remvura, richiwedzera nekudzika. Mutumbi unoramba uchinyanya kunyanya, uye muchengeti wechenyscaphe anowira pasi.

Nzvimbo isina simba yakasimba yefambasi yemvura inogona kuora kana kuparadzwa, iyo inotungamirira kumvura zhinji yezvikepe nekurasikirwa kwezvinhu zvinodhura zvokutsvakurudza nekurasikirwa noupenyu. Zvisina kukodzera kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvehupenyu huripo, mabheti akadzivirirwa, nhamba yakawanda yezvinodhaka zvemagetsi, makemikari uye zvigadzirwa kubva mukudzvinyirira kwedzimba pakadzika zvakadzama zvinowedzera mukana wekuti moto uye zvinokurumidza.

Mukuwedzera, mikana isina kukwana yekudzokorora nzvimbo yakapoteredza zvipfeko inotyisa kutyisidzira kwebhatiycaphe nematombo kana zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Rutivi rwebasyscaphe, iyo yakafanana yakanyongedzwa mumvura yakanyarara mumvura, haigoni kuonekwa nguva dzose nekuda kwezvinyanzwisisiro zvekupararira kwemagetsi emvura mumhepo yemvura.

Nokudaro kuveza iyi mudziyo inoshandiswa uye inobata basa, inoda kunyatsogadzirira uye kugadzirira kugadzirira.

Zvadaro, ngatitaurire nezvebhatycaphe yekutanga, chii icho chigadzirwa, zvigadzirwa zvehuchenjeri uye zvinhu zvinonakidza.

The bathyscaphes first

Bhatiycaphe yekutanga, yakagadzirwa naO. Piccard, yainzi "FNRS-2", yakashandirwa muFrance yevashandisi kwemakore mashanu uye yakaremara muna 1953. Sokuzadza mune chikwata ichi, petroli yakashandiswa, iyo ine uwandu hwehupamhi hwechi5 kusvika pasi pemvura.

Imba ye bathyscaphe, seyeronautics, inonzi gondola, yakanga yakafanana uye yakareba masendimita 90 mm. Vanhu vaviri vanogona kusununguka kugara mairi.

Iko kusakosha kukuru kweFNRS-2 kwaiva nzvimbo yekudzivirira kupinda mu bathyscaphe. Akanga ari mumvura iri pasi pemvura. Pinda uye usiye gondola bathyscaphe ingangodaro kana iyo yaive iri pamutakuri wekutakura.

Muenzaniso wechipiri we bathyscaphe waiva FNRS-3. Izvi zvakashandiswa pakutsvakurudza kwakadzika-mvura kubva muna 1953 uye kusvika kumazana makumi manomwe ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Ichi chikepe chakava musamu. Iye zvino, FNRS-3 iri muFrance, muToulon.

Maererano nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwehujini, chigadziro, sakafanotangira, chinogona kunyura kumakiromita mana akareba. Iyo mudziyo waiva nemafanana akafanana neFNTS-2 gondola, asi zvisinei kuti muenzaniso wakanyatsogadziriswa.

Technical specifications

Bhatiyasi yezvizvarwa zvakasiyana-siyana inogona kuenzaniswa nehutano hwavo hwemagariro.

Bathyscaphe "Trieste"

Chii chinonzi bathyscaphe chinozivikanwa nokuda kwei, rudzi rwemudziyo runogona kunyatsonzwisiswa zvakadini? Pa "Trieste" pakutanga kwema1960, dhiyo yekutanga yakagadzirwa kusvika pasi peMariana Trench muPacific Ocean. Iko kushanda, kodeti-inonzi "Project Necton" yakaitwa neUnited States Navy nekubatana nemwanakomana wemuumbi we bathyscaphe Jacques Picard.

Pasinei nedutu rine mhepo musi waJanuary 26, wekutanga munhau yevanhu vanodha pa 10900 mamita. Kuwanikwa kukuru kwakaitwa nevatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano upenyu huri pasi peMariana Trench.

Bathyscaphe Deepsea Chalanger

Ichi chigadzirwa, chakatumidzwa pashure pemvura yakadzika-gungwa, yakakurumbira nokuda kwekuti muna March 2012 iyo James Cameron akaita mvura yakadzika-dive . Uyu mutungamiriri wepafirimu anozivikanwa musi waMarch 26 wakaenda pasi pasi peChitenger Abyss - rimwe zita reMariana Trench.

Uyu ndiwo waiva wechina kubva mumvura yakadzika yegungwa munhoroondo yevanhu, inoshamisa pakuve yakareba kwenguva uye yakaitwa nomunhu mumwe. Nzvimbo yevasyscapher, iyo yakafanana ichidonhera ichidzika mugomba risina chigadziko, yakaongororwa pasi, uye mutungamiriri akawana kukurudzirwa kuti aite kuenderera mberi kwemufananidzo wakaisvonaka "Avatar."

Bathyscapher Locator

Imwe nzvimbo inonzi hydroacoustic ndiyo nzvimbo yevasyscaphe inotarisa iyo inobvunzurudza zvakafanana muromo wemvura uye inoona matombo, pasi uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Iyi ndiyo imwe nzira chete yeku "kuona", kana kuti "kunzwa" pasi pemvura. Nharaunda ye bathyscapher, yakafanana neyemvura yakadzika kusvika pakadzika, inongova nzeve dzezvigadziri.

Zviitiko ne bathyscaphes

MunaAgasti 2005, mvura yegungwa yeRussia Navy yakasimuka pamhenderekedzo yeKamchatka. Imotokari yakadzika-zhinji yevarwi vevanhu vanomwe yakange ichibatanidzwa mumambure ekubata hove pakadzika anenge mamita mazana maviri.

Kununura ngarava kwakasvika pachiitiko chechiitiko chacho, uyo akaedza kusunungura bhazicheka kusvika pasi zvakadzika, ndokuzoita basa rokudzikinura nerubatsiro rwevamwe. Mushure mokunge tisingakwanisi kuedza, vafambisi vechikepe vokuRussia vakatendeukira kuvanoshanda navo muBritain.

Kubatana kweRussia neBritish kuponesa kushandisa robot yakadzika-mvura yakabudirira, boka rose rakaponeswa, uye bathyscaphe yakasimudzirwa kumusoro.