Antarctica rakawanikwa rwendo, inotungamirirwa vatsvakurudzi Bellingshausen uye Lazarev. History of kuwanikwa Antarctica

Ndianiko pakati vafambi yakawanikwa Antarctica? The mhinduro uchadzidza kubva ino. Zvinokosha, chokupedzisira chichikosha kwakaitika muna 1820. Ndiyo nyaya Antarctica inotanga gore rino. Chokutanga, vanhu chete vanogona kufunga kuti kondinendi iri ikoko.

Antarctica - inonyanya kondinendi Panyika. Vanopfuura zviuru 2. Mamita ndiwo avhareji kureba pemvura pamusoro Sea Antarctic. Zvina metres pauri pakati yacho.

Tisati tataura pamusoro ndiani pakati vafambi yakawanikwa Antarctica, vanoti vaviri mashoko pamusoro vafambisi vari pedyo zvikuru kuwanikwa kwazvo.

Chokutanga yokufungidzira nezvokuvapo huru

Vechikamu pamusoro rwendo kuitwa Portugal mumakore 1501-1502, tine fembera wokutanga. Amerigo Vespucci vaiitawo rwendo urwu. This Florentine mufambi, kuonga kuti noshamisa kwazvo masanga ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana, akapa zita rake rokuti makondinendi hombe maviri. Zvisinei, munhoroondo rwendo vasingagoni kuenda mberi mberi. LOCATION South, iri zvikuru kure Antarctica. Vespucci akapupura kuti inotonhora zvokuti kwazvo kuti Vafambi kugona kutsungirira.

Kwaita refu anokwezvwa vanhu Antarctica. Vafambi vakafunga kuti pane kondinendi rakakura. Dzheyms e akapinda pamberi vamwe Antarctic mumvura. Iye debunked ingano kuti pane Terra australis zvikuru kukura. Zvisinei, kuti aidzidzisa akamanikidzwa kufunga chete kuti kondinendi aigona kuva pedyo danda. Aidavira kuti kuvapo kwake kunoratidza yakawanda echando zviwi, uye akayangarara chando.

Lazarev uye Bellingshausen

Antarctica rakawanikwa rwendo, rinotungamirirwa vatsvakurudzi kubva Russia. Nguva dzose mazita maviri zvakanyorwa munhoroondo nenzvimbo matongo. FF This Bellingshausen (Makore oupenyu - 1778-1852) uye MP Lazarev (1788-1851).

Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen akaberekwa muna 1778. Iye akaberekwa riri muGungwa reBaltic kuchitsuwa Saaremaa, Estonia ndohwavo nhasi. Akadzidza aidzidzisa muGungwa kadheti Corps.

Bellingshausen akarota kubva pauduku mugungwa nzvimbo. Akanyora kuti akanga akaberekerwa pakati gungwa, saka, sezvinoita hove kubva mumvura, haagoni kurarama ndisina. Faddey Faddeevich mumakore 1803-1806 muchirongwa rwendo (wokutanga circumnavigation, vakakwana vezvikepe Russian) mungarava "Hope", iro rinotungamirirwa Ivan Kruzenshtern.

Lazarev aiva muduku makore 10. Akaita 3 nzendo munyika nokuda hwavo. Navigator vaiitawo 1827 mune hondo Navarino wengarava, ipapo kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri, aiva mukuru Black Sea Fleet. Pakati vadzidzi vake vakanga vakadaro akakurumbira wengarava vatungamiri Russia, Vladimir Istomin, Pavel Nakhimov, Vladimir Kornilov.

"Vostok" uye "Rugare"

Lazarev uye Bellingshausen mugumo vakauya muna 1819. Ipapo Ministry of Navy aida pakundopambara kuna Southern Hemisphere. Zvakandiomera rwendo vaifanira kuita zvikepe zviviri, vakanyatsoshongedzwa. Mukuru sloop "East" akagadzwa Bellingshausen. Lazarev akatungamirira "Rugare". In rukudzo ngarava idzi emakore gare gare inonzi yokutanga Soviet Antarctic zvechitima.

Wokutanga buri

The rwendo muna 1819, July 16, akatanga kushambira. Akapfupikisa sezvinotevera akagadzira chinangwa wayo: kuwanikwa pedyo Antarctic Pole. Vafambisi akarayira kuongorora Pasi Sandwich (zvino South Sandwich Islands, izvo kamwe vaakawana Cook), uyewo South Georgia, uye ipapo ramba uchiongorora kuti latitudes kure, izvo chete inogona kubudirira.

Saka ichi "Rugare" uye "East". Mashoko South Georgia Island akarondedzerwa. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti Pasi Sandwich chiri yezvitsuwa. Cook Islands Bellingshausen ainzi chitsuwa chikuru yezvitsuwa iyi. First kuti akapiwa mirayiridzo rwaiitwa.

Panovhurwa Antarctica

On pajengachenga aigona kuonekwa nechando expanses. Zvikepe vakaramba vachienda pamwe dzavo micheto kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva. Muna 1820, 27 January, kunorwa vakayambuka Antarctic Circle. Zvino fume mangwana, vadzidzi vakasvika pedyo kondinendi Antarctic, ayo chando nokuidzivirira. Makore anoti pfuurei 100 gare gare, nzvimbo idzi nyirwa zvakare. nguva ino kwaiva Norwegian vatsvakurudzi kuti Antarctica. Vakavapa zita Princess Martha Coast.

Bellingshausen musi January 28 akanyora dhayari ake kuti, kuramba kuenda kumaodzanyemba, kunorwa inowanikwa chando masikati kuti akafamba napakati chando dzaitaurwa muchimiro makore chena. Vafambisi vengarava, vakapfuura kurutivi rwezasi-mabvazuva zvakawanda maviri mamaira, vaitova "iri hwakasimba chando." The yakakura munda Dziine hillocks akatambanudza kumativi. Sezvo Antarctica rakawanikwa rwendo, inotungamirirwa vatsvakurudzi Bellingshausen uye Lazarev.

In mashoko maonero aiva nani zvikuru chikepe Lazarev. Mukuru wengarava vakatarisa "Ice yokunyanyisa miti," izvo akatambanudza kuti jengachenga. Akanga chikamu chando pepa kuti akafukidza Antarctica. On January 28 gore rino, wakaburukira munhau somusi kana Bellingshausen uye Lazarev akawana Antarctic yakaoma. Kaviri (February 2 uye 17) "Rugare" uye "East" unouya pedyo nemahombekombe Antarctica. Maererano mirayiridzo, anofanira kutsvaka "nyika vasingazivikanwi". Zvisinei, kunyange vafunga pakati drafters ari gwaro vasingagoni kunge akafanoona kubudirira basa rakadaro.

Akadzokorora rwendo kuna Antarctica

Achisvika yechando muna Southern Hemisphere. Zvikepe zvava kuchamhembe, nechikepe vari unozvidzora uye dzinopisa mvura nePacific Ocean. A gore zvayaifamba. Zvadaro, "Rugare" uye "East", izvo akarayira Bellingshausen uye Lazarev vakananga Antarctica zvakare. Vakayambuka katatu Antarctic Circle.

Peter I Island

Eyes revafambi muna 1821, 22 January, kwakaonekwa chitsuwa USINGAZIKAMWI. Akanzi Bellingshausen Island Petro Mukuru. January 28, chaizvoizvo chimwe gore kubva kuwanikwa Antarctica, kuine, kakore zvako okunze zvokuchenesa akaona yemakomo pamhenderekedzo, izvo akatambanudza pamberi kusvikira kumaodzanyemba.

Earth Alexander I

First akazviratidza pamepu Nyika Alexander I. Hapana mubvunzo asisina: Antarctica - hazvina chete chando massif, imwe kondinendi chaiyo. Bellingshausen Zvisinei, hapana panotaurwa hwomukova huru. Kwakanga hazvisi kuzvininipisa kwenhema. Navigator akanzwisisa kuti zvinokwanisika kuti tiswedere rwokupedzisira vafunga, asi pashure vachipedza zvidzidzo zvakafanira pamhenderekedzo Antarctica. Hapana hurukuro, kana pamusoro kukura kondinendi, haaigona kuita ine pfungwa. Emakore vakaoneka pamusoro issledavaniya.

Kuongorora of South Shetland Islands

Kuzadzisa "Odyssey", navigators Akaongorora muudzame South Shetland Islands. Vasati zvaizivikanwa chaizvo chii B. Smith, ane wokuEngland, vakatarisa muna 1818. Zvitsuwa izvi vakanga vakanyora mamiriro ayo uye kurondedzerwa. Muhondo 1812 yakanga wakapindwa zhinji satellites Lazarev uye Bellingshausen. Naizvozvo, vamwe pachitsuwa pakuyeuka hondo yake vakagamuchira zvinotevera mazita: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Zvisinei, gare gare, Britain vafambisi zita kwavari, kuti haisi chaizvo zvakanaka. Waterloo, nezvimwe zvinhu (King George - zita rayo ano), rakavakwa zvikuru kuchamhembe pakutsvakurudza dzemapurisa of USSR muna 1968 mu Antarctica inonzi "Bellingshausen".

Kudzokera Kronstadt

Muna 1821, pakapera January, Faddey Faddeevich akatuma nezvikepe kuchamhembe, zvakaipa achirohwa kufamba echando uye madutu. 751 zuva rwendo yakatora ngarava Russian. rwendo urefu aiva zvuru 100 makiromita (ndiko kuti, chero iwe kuwana kana vaviri iwe vapoterere Earth panguva neequator uye chikamu chimwe muzvina nguva). zvitsuwa itsva 29 kunge vakanyora mamiriro ayo. Saka akatanga kukura uye nokudzidza Antarctica.

Kutevera Russian

Saka, Antarctica rakawanikwa rwendo, rinotungamirirwa vatsvakurudzi kubva Russia. Mavhiki maviri pashure paizvozvo, muna 1820, 16 January, Russian rwendo inotungamirwa Bellingshausen uye Lazarev, vakaenda Antarctica, Edward Brantsfild, uyo akatamira kubva South Shetland Islands rwezasi, vakaona nesinou yakakwirira bhengi. Akanzi aidzidzisa ichi Earth Trinity (kureva Utatu). Antarctica Vaongorori akaonawo nenhongonya mbiri gomo. Raiva Antarctic Peninsula, kuchamhembe muromo wake akatambanudza kuna 1,200? Km yakananga South America. On Earth, hakuna mumwe munhu refu uye yakatetepa kweItari yakadaro.

Antarctica kokutanga pashure vafambisi Russian akaona boka "Enderby", zviviri sealers matare wokuEngland, akaita pasi John Biscoe kufamba munyika. Muna 1831, pakapera February, kune makomo kunyika maswedera dare. Rakazoshandiswa kwavari chitsuwa. Naizvozvo, nyika ino yakanga sokuva protrusion kuEast Antarctica. Akazviratidza pamepu zita Biscoe gomo (gomo rakareba pairi) uye Enderby Land. Sezvo Antarctica akazarura aiongorora Dzhon Bisko.

The mufambi kwegore anoita mumwe kuwanikwa. PaAnosangana nokuti razero Meridian wandei zvitsuwa zviduku saizi, mhiri uko kune makomo Graham Land (sezvazvakanyorwa ainzi nyika ino), izvo akaramba Earth Alexander I kumabvazuva. zita chairo aiongorora ichi ainzi cheni zvitsuwa zviduku, kunyange akaona nyika yakanga uyewo vaiona kwenguva refu pashure zviwi.

In haizopereri gumi, chaienda muna Southern Ocean pazvakawanikwa maviri kana matatu "pamahombekombe". Zvisinei, vafambi kune wavo haana kukodzera.

Munhoroondo pakudzidza Antarctica chatinokoshesa kunorwa rechiFrench, iyo inotungamirwa JS Dumont d'Urville. Muna 1838, muna January, vaviri chikepe chake ( "Seele" uye "Astrolabe") akauya kuna Pacific kubva kuAtlantic, skirting rwezasi America. Mutsvakurudzi aenda kutsvaka mvura, ice-akasununguka, kure zasi, pedyo Antarctic Peninsula, ayo voenda nechokumusoro, yainzi Nyika ino aidzidzisa Louis-Philippe. Dumont d'Urville, achibuda muimba Pacific Ocean, dzayo akatumira inopisa mvura. Zvisinei, kubvira Tasmania ipapo akatendeukira kumaodzanyemba uye akasangana panguva Latitude kweArctic Circle chando pamhenderekedzo, ainzi Adelie Land akamiririra wake. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1840, musi 20 January. The French pazuva iroro yakawira pachitsuwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti kekutanga vanhu nhasi kuuya panyika Antarctica, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvichiri kwete yakaoma uye chitsuwa chete padivi payo.

Ndaverenga nyaya, chawakadzidza, gore chii pachena Antarctica. Chete muna 1956, 5 January, pamahombekombe huru kutora rokutanga vatsvakurudzi Russian. Zvino saka kuburikidza makore 136 pashure Antarctica rakawanikwa rwendo, inotungamirirwa vatsvakurudzi Bellingshausen uye Lazarev.