Zvose zvibvumirano zvekuchengetedzwa kwemagariro: mienzaniso

Kubva kare muna 1902, mutemo pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzomusango wakatanga kubudiswa muParis, gungano rakarongedza kudzivirirwa kweshiri dzinoshandiswa mune zvekurima. Nyaya yezvisikwa inonyanya kuoma muupenyu hwedu. Asi dambudziko rave riripo kwenguva yakareba. Nokudaro, nyika dzakawanda dzakasarudza kusangana nekugadzira zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza Ipa mienzaniso yevamwe vavo kwatiri munyaya ino.

Ramsar Convention

Chinangwa chechibvumirano ichi ndechekuchengetedzwa kwepamutemo kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe nekuchengetedza kwemvura yakasviba panyika yedu. Muchikamu chayo muna 1971, zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda nezvekudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakaitwa. Izvi zvakaitika munharaunda ye Iranian yeRamsar. Gungano rinotsanangura pfungwa iyo nyika imwe neimwe inobatanidzwa uye International Komiti inogona kubatsira pakuchengetedzwa kwevagari vemunharaunda.

• Kugadzwa kwenyika, nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa munyika imwe neimwe.
• Kuzivikanwa kwemaitiro avo netsika netsika.
• Kurudzirai mabasa nguva dzose kuchengetedza unhu hwemvura, hwekurima hove, zvekurima nekuvaraidza.
• Kuwedzerwa kwevanhu kupinda muchidziviriro chemari.
• Kusimbisa ruzivo nekuvandudza dzidzo mumunda wemvura ine mvura.

Nhengo dzekokorodzano dzakaramba dzichingosangana nguva dzose munyika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi pose kuti dziongorore uye dziwedzere matanho ekuchengetedza zvigaro. Muna 1987, guta reCanada reRegina (ruwa rweSaskatchewan) rakagadziriswa.

Mutemo wepamutemo wezvipenyu

Chibvumirano chekuchengetedzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana chakagamuchirwa muRio de Janeiro musi waJune 5, 1992. Iri sungano yakawanda ine zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganiswa mune dzimwe mvumo dzepasi rese dzekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda. Mienzaniso yezvinangwa izvi:

• Kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana;
• Kuvandudza kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvaro;
• Kugovana kwakanaka nekuenzanisa kwezvikomborero zvinobva mukushandiswa kwemajini.

Mune mamwe mazwi, chibvumirano chechibvumirano ndechekusimbiswa kwemazano enyika ekuchengetedza uye kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwehupenyu hwehupenyu. Iyi kokorodzano inowanikwawo mune dzimwe nyika zvibvumirano nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mienzaniso yezviri munyaya yacho. 2010 yakaziviswa gore rose reMwaka wezvisikwa zvipenyu.

Gungano reHelsinki

Gungano reHelsinki rakagamuchirwa kuti ridzivirire nzvimbo yegungwa muGungwa reBaltic. Ikutanga yezvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza munharaunda yayo yakasayirwa muna 1974 nenyika dzakadai seDenmark, Finland, West uye East Germany, Poland, USSR neSweden, uye yakatanga kushanda musi waMay 3, 1980. Gungano rechipiri rakasayirwa muna 1992 Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia neSweden. Nyika dzakabatanidzwa dzakagamuchira zvibvumirano zvenyika dzekudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza dzakazvipira ivo pachavo kuronga matanho ose anodiwa ekudzivirira uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kuitira kuti vabatsire kudzorera kugadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza kweGungwa reBaltic. Nhamba yezviyero zvakagadzirwawo kuti dzidzivirire kana kuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvechiitiko.

Organic Zvinosvibisa

Musangano wacho wakasainika muna 2001 muStockholm, uye wakatanga kushanda muna May 2004. Chinangwa chake chaiva kubvisa kana kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa. Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzechibvumirano ichi nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza dzinosanganisira zvinodiwa kune nyika dzakagadzirirwa kupa humwe hupfumi huripo uye hutano hwekubvisa kushandiswa nekushandiswa kwePOPs nemaune, pamwe nekubviswa kwePOPs dzisina kukanganikwa dzakagadzirwa kana zvichikwanisika uye kuparadzwa kwakakwana kwedhaka.

Sangano reUnited Nations pamusoro peKushanduka kweNyika (UNFCCC)

Chibvumirano ichi, chakasainwa nenyika dzinopfuura 180, chakagamuchirwa paNyika Summit muna 1992 muRio de Janeiro uye yakatanga kushanda musi wa21 Mbudzi 1994. Mutemo weConstitution Convention ndiyo mhirizhonga wenyika yose (ikozvino ndiyo mvumo yepasi rose yepurogiramu Mamiriro okunze nehupamhi hwepamutemo), yakakurukurwa paUnited Nations Conference pamusoro peKutarisana neKuchengetedzwa (UNCED). Chinangwa chayo ndechekugadzirisa hutano hwakasimba hwehuwandu hwemafuro ezvinomera, izvo zvicharambidza dambudziko rinopisa anthropogenic pamamiriro ezvinhu epakati pemhepo. Chibvumirano pachacho hachigadziri mvumo yekugadzirisa pamagetsi ekupisa emhepo kune nyika imwe neimwe uye haina mimwe nzira inomanikidzira. Mumugariro wepamutemo, gungano harifaniri kutarisirwa. Pane kudaro, chibvumirano ndicho chikonzero chekuumba gwaro rinokosha iro rine zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika dzakawanda pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza (izvo zvinodanwa maitiro), kuburikidza nazvo zvinogona kuisa mitemo inomiriro pamusoro pekubudiswa kwemafuro emagetsi.

I Kyoto Protocol pasi peUNFCCC

Mushure memubvumo weUNFCCC, nyika dzakabatanidzwa dzakasangana pamisangano kuti dzikurukure nzira yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvechibvumirano. Kuwedzera kukurukurirana kwakatungamirira mukusikwa kweKyoto Protocol. Inosanganiswawo mune dzimwe nyika zvibvumirano zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye inogadzirisa zvido zvekuderedza zvigadziro kune nyika dzakabudirira izvo zvinotenderwa pasi pemutemo wepasi rose.

Sangano reBiological Weapons Convention (BWC)

Iyi ndiyo yekutanga kugadziriswa kwezvombo zvekudzivirira kushandiswa kwemhando yose yezvombo. Chibvumirano chacho chaive chikonzero chekuenderera mberi kwebasa renyika dzakawanda kugadzira chigwaro chitsva chinogona kuwedzera 1925 Geneva Protocol (iyo iyo inorambidza kushandiswa, asi kwete iyo kana kugoverwa, kemikemikari kana zvombo zvezvigadzirwa). Bhuku reBhuku reChishanu, rakaendeswa neBrithani, rakasayirwa musi waApril 10, 1972 uye rakatanga kushanda musi waMarch 26, 1975. Inobvumira 172 nhengo dzezvematongerwo enyika kuti dzirambidze, kubva munaDecember 2014, kubudirira, kugadzirwa uye kuwedzera kwezvombo zvehupenyu uye chepfu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusavapo kwehutongi huripo hwekutonga huri kukanganisa kushanda kweChangano. Muchidimbu pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvechibvumirano ichi, tinogona kutaura zvinotevera:

1. Hazvomboiti, pasi pemamiriro ose ezvinhu, kuwana kana kuchengetedza zvombo zvehupenyu.
2. Kuparadza kana kushandura kune zvorugare zvinodhaka zvezvigadzirwa zvezvakaberekwa uye zvakakodzerana.
3. Usaendesa zvombo zvezvisikwa kune ani zvake, usapa rubatsiro pakuwana nekuchengetedza.
4. Tora chero matanho emunyika anodiwa kuti uite zvigadzirwa zveB BWC mumusika wemisika.
5. Kubvunzurudza pane imwe nyika uye nyika dzakawanda panyaya dzine chokuita nokushandiswa kweB BWC.
6. Gadzira zvikumbiro kuUnited Security Council kuti uongorore kupomerwa kwekupomerwa kwegungano uye kuremekedza zvisarudzo zvatevera.
7. Batsira States dziri pangozi nekuputsa kweChishanu cheBioological Weapons Convention.
8. Ita zvose zvinogona kukurudzira kushandiswa kwakanyarara kwezvinhu zvehupenyu uye sayenzi.

Chibvumirano Chekudzivirirwa Kwemhou Dzinofamba 1918

Tsamba iyi inowanikwawo mune dzimwe nyika zvibvumirano zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Maererano nemutemo, hazvibvumirwi nemutemo kutambudza, kutsvaka, kubata, kutora, kuuraya kana kutengesa shiri dziri mukati mazvo (shiri dzinopfuurira). Icho chinyorwa hachirevi mutsauko pakati pekugara uye shiri dzakafa, uye zvinoshandawo kumapapiro, mazai uye matendere. Nyaya yacho inosanganisira zvinopfuura 800 marudzi.

CITES (SITES)

Nzvimbo yegungano yakasayirwa muna 1973 muWashington uye yakatanga kushanda musi waJuly 1, 1975, pamusoro pekutengeserana kwevamiririri vemaruva emusango nemhuka zviri kutyisidzirwa kuparadzwa. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanyisa uye zvakapfuura zviripo zvibvumirano munhoroondo. Iyi kokorodzano yemarudzi akawanda inotungamirira uye inodzora kushandiswa mune zvimwe zvipenyu zvemhuka nemiti. Nzira yakakosha yekupa mvumo yakagadziridzwa iyo inotarisira zvose zvinotengeswa kunze, kutengeswa uye kutengesa zvakare. Nhengo imwe neimwe yeChishanu inofanira kuumba imwe (kana kupfuura) mutungamiri wehurumende unenge uine mutoro wekugadzirisa chirongwa ichi chekuisa mvumo, pamwe chete nesangano rimwe rezvesayenzi kuti ribvunze pamusoro pemigumisiro yekutengeserana kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemafuta kana zvipenyu. Pasi pekuchengetedzwa kweSpain kune mamiriyoni mashanu emhuka yemhuka uye 29,000 mbeu yemiti. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinogona kuwanikwa muIndaneti yeChitsuwa, pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwekutyisidzira uye kugadzirirwa kwekutengeserana.

International zvibvumirano zvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza muRussia

Munyika yedu, matanho anodiwa anotorwa kuti kuchengetedza kuenzaniswa kwezvakatipoteredza. Russia, kufanana nedzimwe nyika, inotsigira zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda nezvekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mimwe mienzaniso inotevera inogona kutaurwa: kubvira muna 1979 - gungano rekusvibiswa kwemweya (kutenderera) kubva muna 1992 - gungano rinodzivirira kusvibiswa kweGungwa Dzvuku kubva muna 2011-pamusoro pezvinosvibisa zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu nezvimwewo.