Uremu pachako kombiyuta yekutanga. Nhoroondo pachako kombiyuta

The kombiyuta wava chinokosha vanhu vazhinji upenyu. Asi kamwe ari PC yakanga zvekumwe kana mudziyo, zviri isina nokuda mari uye pasina yakakwirira ruzivo. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, takawana kuti initiators ari kuchinja pachedu kombiyuta kupinda hombe mudziyo. Pamusana uyo PC kwava nyore zvakawanda mafeni ose digitaalinen zvigadzirwa, uyewo vagari vanhuwo, vaya vaiita aigona zvakanaka kuita pasina izvozvo? Iyo makombiyuta anonzi kuva wokutanga kwenhamba zvisarudzo zvakadaro?

Nzira dzekuziva nadzo panzvimbo yokutanga

Active vaikurukura aiva mukanyiwa-yakabereka wokutanga munhu kombiyuta, hatimiri nhasi. Yaitaurwa vachida hachizi kuti akaita chigadzirwa, razova nevakawanda kudzokororwa bv akasiyana chaizvo.

Nyanzvi dzinodavira anokosha chokuratidza, rinogona kujekesa nyaya, nhoroondo chokwadi kuti anoratidza chaiyo kuratidzwa chigadzirwa nokuda vakawanda pamusika. Kureva, kombiyuta yava kushandiswa vamwe vakatengesa (pakupedzisira achiva guru) - uye anofanira maererano nzira iyi, kutanga kuonekwa. Saka, chinangwa chedu chikuru - kuongorora akakodzera nhoroondo mashoko.

Wokutanga PC

Apo vaitova, wokutanga PC - kana vakawanda kana munhu? Achitaura nezvenyaya iyi kurukurirano anenge hasha kupfuura pane zvakaita tsanangudzo avo makombiyuta kuti vawana mamiriro ane kusiko zvikuru kudzokororwa. shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana, kuratidza vamwe uyo zvakabudisa PC wokutanga, uye kunyange panguva iyoyo, iye akaonekwa chii mamiriro. Saka, pane uchapupu hwokuti muna 1968, imwe injiniya kubva Omsk, Arseniy Anatolevich Gorohov, patented mumwe kadambari mudziyo, chidziro chisingazununguki chaizvo rakafanana ano PC. It aripo tarisisa ezvinhu chikwata aine mutakuri data, uyewo zvemagetsi zvinoriumba kuti tsamba mabasa motherboard uye mavhidhiyo kadhi RAM. Zvisinei, nokugadzirwa hauna aenda kugadzirwa.

The PC wokutanga kubva Apple

Wakaitwa maonero, umo yokutanga dzakazara PC yagadzirwa asi muUnited States - kureva nokuedza Steve Jobs uye Steve Wozniak, uyo akapa nyika imwe nzira itsva pfungwa PC pasi Apple muchiso muna 1976.

The makombiyuta kutanga Apple zvinoda chinokosha Hardware kuwedzererwa - pekugara, tarisisa, kiibhodhi. Asi chokwadi zvokushandisa vakanga zvinogona kushanda. Zvisinei, muna 1977 pamusika kwakatangwa Apple II kombiyuta, izvozvo rine. mano izvi, sezvo vakawanda IT-vanachiremba uye iyi kare kombiyuta, ndizvo chaizvo kunoenderana mamiriro mukanyiwa. Zvinorevei? Chokwadi chokuti Apple PC yokuenzanisira muna 1976 - ndiko, zvichida, ndiye mukanyiwa pachavo kombiyuta yekutanga. Kutevedzerwa nokukurumidza chinzvimbo kuwanikwa zvakawanda vanoshandisa akatenga Apple II kombiyuta.

The PC wokutanga kubva IBM

Asi nekuda pfungwa maonero nezvebasa zvabuda zvakasiyana-siyana zvokupikisa. Pakati pavo vane avo kuti chinangwa kudenha Apple ushasha chinzvimbo mune zvatinoita goho riri pamusika sechinhu PC yakadaro, vashandi zvakazara. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1975 - asati paiva mano kubva Apple, IBM ave vakakwanisa kubudisa kombiyuta muenzaniso 5100. Yakanga dzinoratidzwa kuvapo ari oga tarisisa, mutakuri data, uyewo keyboard, uye naizvozvo chaizvo asingachinji, iri akatenda kuti iyi nhoroondo kombiyuta, mamiriro pachako. Zvisinei, mutengo - vanopfuura zviuru 20 madhora mana -. A gumi nevaviri mubayiro shoma American rinofanira kunge asina chakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mukanyiwa pachavo kombiyuta yekutanga.

IBM PC uye nzira dzekuziva kuti "vakawanda"

Muna 1981, IBM yakatanga disproportionately inokwanisika kupfuura 5100 womuenzaniso, asi panguva imwe chete chadzo, uye Chikurukuru, ndine zvikuru yemakwikwi pfungwa mudziyo Unogamuchira zita IBM PC. Nakisisa kubudirira devaysa akabvumira nyanzvi dzakawanda uye mafeni pamusoro zvemagetsi kunoratidzwa kwayo uremu seyokutanga pachako kombiyuta. Imhandoi nharo atungamirire vatsigiri ane kuongorora kwakadaro?

Kutanga, vanodana uongorore zvakare nzira dzekuziva se "vakawanda" akadaro. Chokwadi, mudziyo Apple ndiyo nhoroondo mberi zhinji yemakwikwi mhinduro tichitarisa pfungwa inokwanisika PC musika zvinowanika. Zvisinei, kuti IBM PC zvakavharwa kunyanya achishingaira neakangwara pachishandiswa kubudirana pachena: a rokushandisa kutenga PC, anogona kuchinja panzvimbo zvoushumiri kutsiva dzakasiyana-siyana yenhengo - processor, ndangariro, dzakaoma Zvifambiso. Nokutengesa monitors nemamwe mano anogona kuva chero muchiso. makombiyuta Apple raMwari, akavapindurawo, ari namahwindo papuratifomu. Saizvozvowo zvakaitika software mativi. The kushanda hurongwa pauzima kombiyuta IBM PC pfungwa chingava chinhu. Zvadaro, musi Apple mudziyo akaiswa mukuru nyaya, mumwe proprietary uchishandisa hurongwa.

pfungwa mbiri

Saka, chokuratidza kuti "vakawanda" sezvo aishanda midziyo kombiyuta kumusika zvinogona kunzwisiswa nenzira dzakasiyana. Computers kubva Apple anoenderana naye nemhaka yokuti pakabudiswa rokutanga mano zvizivikanwe hrs vava inokwanisika-siyana vanoshandisa. Achitaura US pamusika - chero mugari neavhareji muhoro. IBM akaita yakapa US uye zvadaro yose musika mudziyo iyo, kunze affordability, zvinogona akasununguka dzakachinjwa, kutevedzerwa pakunambwa. PC software, asi unoenderana IBM mapurani, zvingashandawo zvakasikwa munhu uye anoziva sei kuti munhu.

Eya, kupindura mubvunzo huru yacho zvatinogona nenzira mbiri. Kana isu nezvazvo apo uye vakava vokutanga vakawanda pachako kombiyuta, pfungwa, tinogona zvakanaka kudana boka Apple uye mudziyo mumwechete zita muna 1976 vakapayona pamusika. Asi tinoziva kuti pane dzimwe nzira kuti vakawanda, akadai kubudirana pachena kuti chero yokuvaka kuti Hardware yenhengo kana software. Ivowo, unoenderana zvibereko kambani IBM. Saka, Pakupindura apo uye vakava vokutanga vakawanda pachedu kombiyuta, tichitaura - wakaita basa guru pano, IBM yayo IBM PC 1981 chigadzirwa kwegore.

Kududzirwa rokuti "munhu kombiyuta"

Pane kusiyana kududzirwa rokuti "munhu kombiyuta" uye muchiridzira musiyano shanduro, kuratidza ukuru kupiswa tichitarisa ari PC pamusika. Chii pfungwa nemaonero nyanzvi panyaya iyi?

Vamwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti zvikuru rokuti "munhu kombiyuta" zvakavapo refu asati vaionekwa ipapo Soup kubva Apple uye IBM. Maererano nedzimwe mishumo, zvakanzi kutanga kushandiswa pachinhu mudziyo Programma 101, nekanzuru Italian kambani Olivetti - zvakare, nenhau nyika yaigara vokutanga bv. Unobva chokwadi ichi, ndiro rine chokwadi chero American pezvitsiga - Apple kana IBM kupa nemazvo.

Zvisinei, pane gakava maererano zvinhu vanofurirwa mukanyiwa kuparadzira rokuti "munhu kombiyuta". Pano shanduro diverge chaizvoizvo synchronous kuparadzirwa siyana pamusoro IBM uye Apple Championship ari zvatinoita goho mano pamusoro pamusika kuwanikwa-siyana vanoshandisa. Enzanisa navo Mvumo, zvichida handizonzwiwo kushanda nemazvo.

Yokutanga dzakakurumbira makombiyuta kubva Apple: Magadzirirwo

Asi shure nhoroondo PC. Hatina vakatsunga kuti mumwe kududzirwa ari "vakawanda" rokuti rokutanga PC nokutengesa anogona kunzi Apple. Zvinofadza kuti kudzidza unhu mano kuti US dzesangano kupfeka pamusika muna 1976 uye 1977. Apple kombiyuta yekutanga yakanga akashongedzerwa ane mos 6502, uyo aishanda kakawanda 1 MHz. The PC kwakawanikwa 4K vaRami izvo achibatsirwa mamwe redunhu mapuranga anogona ngazviwedzerwe 48 KB. Zvinenge chete unhu vaiva Apple II.

The kombiyuta wokutanga kubva Apple: mukana

Chii chaigona kuitwa rokutanga PC kubva Apple? Zvingaita kuti nhengo processors dzakadai sekushamwaridzana makombiyuta vane mwero chaizvo nhamba maitikiro.

Zvisinei, munhu anozivikanwa waivako zvainge pave nepurogiramu, uyewo mitambo - zvechokwadi, wokutanga vezvokutengeserana pokushandisa zvakakodzera mhando vaiva, sezvataurwa vamwe venhau uye unyanzvi, zvakanyorwa zvakananga Apple II. Computer mitambo, nemhaka PC kubva Apple, vava kuwanika, saka zvakasiyana-siyana vanoshandisa.

IBM PC: Features

Features IBM PC, rakabudiswa muna 1981, sezvinotevera. PC akanga akashongedzerwa ane Intel 8088 processor kumhanya ari kakawanda 4,77 MHz. On kombiyuta inogona kuisa kusvika 640 KB of RAM. IBM Basic-akakwanisa PC kana PC-Dos kushanda hurongwa.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti ave kuwana kuchengeta mashoko ari IBM PC raishandiswa kunyanya floppy dhisiki ane dhayamita pamusoro 5.25 nemainji. Gare gare pawakazoratidzwa pasero PC pamwe makaseti. Zvisinei, IBM PC akakurumidza rwakapedza dambudziko pamwe kubatana kuti zvakaoma dhisiki kombiyuta kupfurikidza achibudisa yoga module nokuti, kuburikidza izvo zvaibvira kupa simba. Saka vanokwanisa ikozvino batanidza yenyu PC discs vachikwanisa 10 MB.

IBM PC womuenzaniso yakaratidza kubudirira kuitira kuti pfungwa dzataurwa nokuda US kambani ave achishingaira zvakakopwa - zvose mudzidzi uye hombe mabhizimisi. Zvisarudzo Relevant vainzi "IBM PC Zvinowirirana", kuti inowirirana yepakutanga papuratifomu. Izvi izwi vanoramba kuhupenyu nhasi.

Zvichienderana pfungwa IBM vaiva kupfuura siyana makirasi pachake makombiyuta - "desktops", kuzvihwitsi, Laptops. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti mapurani kuri Mobile mano, kazhinji, unoenderana papuratifomu, sezvo ane CPU, ndangariro, mavhidhiyo kubudiswa dzakabatana uye amatura.

Chokwadi, vose pezvitsiga - Apple uye IBM, ndakaita Mipiro inokosha kukura kombiyuta indasitiri. Pamwero muduku zvikuru, chero kukwikwidza pfungwa pachavo mukasazivisa zvikuru pose PC pamusika. Chinokosha hunhu vose platforms iri zvakafanorongwa avo simba rinogona kurondwa saka kure - zvinenge zvose zvikamu zvikuru midziyo kombiyuta uye digitaalinen namano.

chamazuva pfungwa

Both pfungwa - akazaruka uye namahwindo, wakatangwa na IBM uye Apple vake, kuramba saka akakodzera vachiri. Muchiitiko chino, yakakwirira guru, maererano nenyanzvi, kunoratidzwa zvakafanana pachikuva kubva IBM - pamusaka kubudirana pachena yambotaurwa.

pane rokuti "IBM PC-enderana kombiyuta" pamusoro ano musika kombiyuta. Izvi hazvirevi kuti hazvo aburitswa IBM. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinoenderana pfungwa kuti iye aizopa muna 1981. Ichokwadi akaonekwa pamusika zvakasiyana-siyana mhando pachake makombiyuta, asi maererano kuva chikuva vanogona zvimwe kuti semhosva akakodzera pfungwa kubva IBM PC.

Apple kwakaita kuchikuva anoramba mamiriro namahwindo. Saizvozvowo, mamiriro ezvinhu nezvimwe zvikamu zviri pamusika, apo zvizivikanwe aripo - zvikurukuru pasango Mobile midziyo. Smartphones uye mahwendefa kubva Apple - iPhone, iPad dzinoratidzwa namahwindo papuratifomu.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti mukwikwidzi chavainyanya runoonekwa kuva rakazaruka pfungwa inobva kushandiswa kubva Android uchishandisa maitiro kubva Google. Saka, pavanotaurirana pakati akazarurwa uye namahwindo platforms chaizvoizvo hwakatamisirwa PC pamusika uyewo ari chidimbu kubva Mobile Electronics.