Topical kutaurirana: tsanangudzo, maitiro uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

A yesayenzi dzidziso biogeocoenose akasikwa musayendisiti wokuRussia Vladimir Sukachev. Rinotibatsira misoro characterization rokudzora hurongwa, uye rinoongorora-siyana aiita pakati penhindi mararamiro: zvinomera, mhuka, Micro-zvinenge. Kunyanya chakakomba kudzidza siyana biotic ukama yaiitwa mumwe masayendisiti Russian - V. Beklemishev izvo vanozivikanwa nezvemarudzi mana. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kukamura uchishandisa kubatana - zviri ikoroji chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana marudzi aiita inoitika zvoutachiona zvivako. Ivo richaongororwa munyaya ino.

Pfungwa yacho rakapiwa

Tisati dzinotibatsira mubvunzo kuti kukamura uchishandisa Zvisungo yakaumbwa muna biocenosis, zvinokosha tinyatsoziva zvipenyu zvinoreva pfungwa yacho rakapiwa. Rinoreva kwenguva huripo, interconnected ukama zvipenyu anoverengeka kuti kuvimba mhando zvibereko vanhu - vashamwaridzane. Inonyanyoshandiswa vakasangana zvinenge zviri basa iri ndiyo miti nemhuka. Vanoshanda sezvo chinoumba, ichipa vanhu vemamwe marudzi, kunyanya zvokudya uye kudzivirirwa. Live specimens hama kuti inkonsortu endokonsortami angava Somuenzaniso, kumativi kana tepi nehonye - makonye dzinovaraidza uye vanhu. Ekokonsorty - zvipenyu panyika (munhu, ndivo chinoumba Somuenzaniso, sweeper hove, vaigara mutumbi shark).

Kana ivo nguva yasvika neZvapupu inkonsortom, dzinonzi ekzokonsortami (eg Nyuchi kutora nekita kubva vamwe yemiti).

Trophic uye kukamura uchishandisa nokuda consortia siyana

Kana tsanga chinomiririrwa muviri mumwe, zvinonzi anonzi vemunharaunda mumwe, uye kana yose yevanhu kana kunyange vamiririri vose mhando, ipapo rakapiwa yakadaro inonzi yevagari. Trophic uye kukamura uchishandisa kukurukurirana kuitika kunyanya zvakakurumidza vanhu sinuzialnoy rakapiwa. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe ecobiomorphs - boka autotrophic zvinenge zvinomera yakafanana anatomical uye vasiri maitiro uye abiotic ezvinhu akafanana ugaro. Somuenzaniso, boka mwero unyoro-rudo zvirimwa Division gymnosperms - Conifers (zvomusiperesi, spruce, larch), dzabudapo nevakawanda munharaunda - dzinogarisana siyana sinuzialnuyu rakapiwa.

Mabasa Beklemisheva

Nokuti Achirondedzera zvose zvakaoma uye siyana zvinenge ukama yomuka mukati biogeocoenose kupiwa spatial urongwa kwemarudzi hama vakataurirana, musayendisiti Russian Beklemishev akashandisa kukamura uchishandisa kutaurirana izwi. Mienzaniso pokuenzanisira inotungamirwa yavo, dzinoratidza kuti dzimwe zvinenge sei vamwe nokuda nokuchinja dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Sezvo musayendisiti akati, zvinoguma chinhu kukamura uchishandisa kwokubatana kutonhodza abiotic zvikonzero kwezvakatipoteredza, kureva, paumbwe mupenyu muviri vamwe dzakananga physico-namakemikari mamiriro kuvapo vanhu vorumwe rudzi. Saka, muna sayenzi yemazuva pfungwa kukamura uchishandisa Links Beklemishev dzatangwa. Saka Freshwater biocoenosis - mugungwa, mumwe anogona kuverenga anopfuura 125 mienzaniso kukamura uchishandisa ukama nemhuka.

Somuenzaniso, mhando mukonikoni Luetke anokomba mazai ari shizha parenchyma hwemvura zvirimwa zvakadai arrowhead, yellow mvura-rehapa, uye munhu mhando nuoli - rezasi chikamu mashizha chipasa zvakafanana zvinomera. Hwemvura zvipenyu kurarama Freshwater makungwa, kunyanya kushandisa zvinomera sechinhu substrate kuti ndichengetedze mazai nokudyisa mazana uye vakura vanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi - hwemvura zvinenge vanogara mashizha, madzinde nemidzi hwemvura zvinomera - vaburitsi.

Basa miti pakugadzirwa kukamura uchishandisa Links

Maruva Vamiririri kwete chete kusika zvinhu ezvinhu upenyu zvimwe zvipenyu, asi ivo pachavo vari kushingaira kupesvedzera abiotic zvinhu. Saka, nemhaka yakakura mumasango anogara achinaya uye Siberian masango yaigarwa akawandisa zvipenyu munzvimbo idzi mune chaiyo microclimate akasikwa-photosynthetic zvirimwa.

Zvinonzi dzinoratidzwa vasununguka tembiricha uye Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mwando. Izvi kunobatsirawo pamusoro poupenyu mhuka, shiri, uye zvipembenene - nevagari inopisa musango uye taiga. Topical kubatana, mienzaniso dzatakurukura kumusoro, anoratidza kuti basa guru dzinongoitika zvinhu zvipenyu, pamwe trophic mukukurukurirana.

The ukama pakati zvinenge zviri kweArctic biocenosis

Interesting zvinhu pamusoro kukamura uchishandisa Links kunogona apo kudzidza zvakasikwa kunzwisisa kweArctic. Muchirimo kusvika achinaya mvura uye pazvitsuwa kweArctic Ocean unofurwa akawandisa gungwa shiri: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Vanoita shiri dzaitongwa. Panguva zai-nokuisa (mushakabvu May - mangwanani June) shiri yepasisa mawere, akagara miti pemidengerero vari pedyo zvikuru mumwe. Vavakidzani waterfowl dzinowanzotaurwa zvikara - chena zizi.

Havana chete zvokudya guillemots vavo vaduku uye murres, asiwo kudzivirira nharaunda yose nesting waterfowl kubva kurwisa makava nezvimwe zvikara. Topical kubatana, mienzaniso dzatakurukura kumusoro, inobatsira kuti kupona kwevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi kurarama zvakanyanyisa okunze kweArctic mapazi.

Zvinoumba inotungamirwa kukamura uchishandisa ukama biocenosis taiga

B. Beklemisheva zveBhaibheri zvave vakaratidza kuti hwaro kukamura uchishandisa ukama pakati zvinenge zviri kuchinja parameters ariko vanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi somugumisiro webasa zvipenyu vemamwe marudzi. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo Siberian nemipaini (Siberian emisidhari) akakwezva Vagari vazhinji taiga: squirrels, chipmunk buzz, Sable uye, chokwadi, akasiyana eshiri. Mumwe wavo - the nutcracker. Vanhu ava zvipenyu zviri nemavara ane refu uye wakarodzwa muromo shiri. Vakaguta nemipaini nzungu uye kuzvichengeta pasi paiva Moss taiga. Achikanganwa zvokuyamura izvi, shiri zvinokonzera kupararira zvikuru zvinokosha kwemarudzi - Siberian emisidhari.

Mhando ukama zvipenyu mumasango Deciduous

Taidzidza kukamura uchishandisa kubatana, mienzaniso inotungamirwa zvatakandorwira akaongororwa mune zvinhu zvipenyu kweArctic uye Taiga, vachava kukwana kana tisinganeti kuziva chokwadi kuti ukama izvi kunogona ukoshi. Saka, muna pemioki mumasango inogarwa Hymenoptera duku - nduru wasps. Its ovipositor vakadzi kuurura ganda nemiouki mashizha uye jekiseni vakapinda parenchyma ari zai. Mazana kuti hatch kubva allocates nemate, pasi uko zvemamiriro yokuwedzera jira, rinonzi "nduru". Mairi dukutu zvakanaka anodzivirirwa vavengi zhinji, asi muti pacharo kunoderedza photosynthetic basa, sezvo mashizha dzinotambura mazana zviri udyi.

Topical kutaurirana yokuvamba pakati zvinenge - hydrobionts

Muenzaniso unoshamisa pakati mukukurukurirana, masayendisiti ava Russian Beklemishev - kukamura uchishandisa, inogona chinokosha basa dzimwe mhando hove, zita "cleaners" pamusoro pemvura muviri mikuru hwemvura upenyu - Sharks uye hove huru. Somuenzaniso, kuti sezvo wrasse mhando ichi, kana mamwe marudzi zvomumvura kuti shrimp ndivo vanamukoti vakawanda vanogara inodziya yamakungwa. Shark ganda rinowanzoshandiswa wakaremara uye hove huru parasitic invertebrate, semuenzaniso, sandhoppers, isopods. Kudya navo, cleaners kuponesa "vatengi" avo kubva zvinotapukira anokonzerwa pathogenic ganda tupukanana. Saka rimwe marudzi vanogona kuumba nevanhu vemamwe marudzi zvokudya kudyidzana kwete chete, asi kukanganisa muviri wayo, uyewo anokosha.

Nokupfupikisa tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti kukamura uchishandisa kubatana, mienzaniso, uye paumbwe izvo takawongorora munyaya ino zvinopa mhando kunzwisisa uye siyana pamusoro mukukurukurirana - zvose zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga pakati vanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi zvakasikwa zvinhu zvipenyu - biocenoses.