"Tochka-U" (kugadzwa): unhu, kukuvara nharaunda, mapikicha

Mid-60s aizivikanwa imwe tiguu chaiyo iri chitundumuseremusere, chombo uye kazhinji chinozoiswa kunyange munzvimbo idzi idzo dzinozivikanwa vapfuwi ne kwakajairika chubhu atirari. Zvikurukuru kusiyaniswa mumunda uyu Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev. Zvisinei, pakanga pane utsanzi ichi yaro yakajeka divi. Somuenzaniso, munguva iyi Soviet Union wakaisa yakasimba nesayenzi hwaro kukura akawandisa zvombo.

Nezvokunetseka avo, uye "Tochka-U": marongero Izvi zvikuru kudarika zvose zvavo vatorwa dzomuzana (uye pakutanga kwakanga kusina zvachose). About nhoroondo zvombo isu tsanangura ikozvino.

MARARAMIRO OF THE

Around pakati 60 wacho weDhipatimendi Defence akatanga basa racho hutsva ballistic kungogumira siyana hurongwa. Kokutanga munhoroondo Russian zvombo zvakaoma bheji chakaitwa kwete nesimba warhead, uye chitundumuseremusere kururama. yapfuura All zvakagadzirwa basa iri zvachose pachena akapupura, kuti nzira iyi vave akatekeshera munyika itsva, kuchinja nyika. Zvikurukuru, zvaibvira kushandisa kunorwadza kwevashandi kunharaunda utsinye pasina kupararira munharaunda bvarurwa zvose.

Development nokuchengeta pakubata ICD "tochi". Basa haana kubva muvare: hwaro zvakaoma akatora chitundumuseremusere M-11 "Storm", iro rakatanga rakavambwa chete ngarava. Yokutanga Zvakaguma kutaridza "Hawk". Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti richashandiswa redhiyo-zvemagetsi nhungamiro hurongwa. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, muchiitiko ichi, aifanira "kutungamirira" ari chitundumuseremusere kubvisa pasi, nguva dzose mamiriro ayo kutiza kururama.

It yakanga yava "Point" chirongwa muna 1965, "Hawk". Chombo zvikamu zvakasara kuchinja, asi mainjiniya zvachose pakanatsiridzwa kutungamirirwa hurongwa. Saka, vakasiya zvachose electronic redunhu, zvinganaka kushandisa husina inertial musiyano. Akanga zvakanaka dzikaedzwa pamusoro nhamba dzokutambura zvombo Soviet. Asi ichi ndicho - kwete "Tochka-U". Installation aiva chaizvo chakaoma nzira okukura, sezvo Developers vari kuramba zvichiitika rwokugadzira zvipingamupinyi itsva.

mberi basa

Vose "tochi" zvirongwa havana vakapfuura vanodhirowa yokunyora nokudhirowa. Zvinenge zvose kuitika muna 1966 zvaiendeswa Kolomenskoye zvakagadzirwa bureaus, uye basa racho kamwe mutariri SP asingakundiki. Zvisinei, Kolomna mainjiniya zvakazara akabvumirana maonero ake nevamwe kubva "tochi": zvirokwazvo, zvakanakisisa vachava inertial nhungamiro hurongwa. In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mune ramangwana, chirongwa yave pakanatsiridzwa chose. Kutaura chokwadi, chete zita aramba naye - "Tochka-U". Installation kwave zvikurukuru akavandudzika, akaderedza mutengo waro kuvakwa.

Kazhinji, zvinoshingaira dariro mabasa vakatanga chete muna 1968. nguva ino chirongwa chinotsigirwa vanenge 120 kupfuura siyana zvesayenzi uye zvekushandisa zvebhizimisi, hwakasikwa "Tochka-U". Izvi zvinosiyana kuti aifanira kusika kwete chitundumuseremusere nekukurumidza, asiwo zvokuimba chassis, uye midziyo kutanga uye akawandisa zvemagetsi "stuffing." nomupiro Huge kwakaitwa Volgograd "kwezvinovharidzira", akasikwa kubva muvare launcher, uyewo motokari chirimwa muna Bryansk, zvivako iyo kunge yakagadzirwa uye zvakasikwa zvose pezvokuvamba chassis itsva.

Ushande launcher

Kazhinji, pakutanga kuonekwa pakarepo maviri shanduro launcher, izvo zvaizoita kuti raparurwa ballistic chombo "Tochka-U". Wokutanga vavo vakasikwa mainjiniya kubva Kolomna, asi raishandiswa chete paivhu nemiedzo. Zvikurukuru, zvinonzi launcher ichi zvakaratidzwa miedzo muna 1971, kwakaitika Kapustin Yar. Pakarepo ndakatanga basa guru design, iyo yakataurwa chirimwa "kwezvinovharidzira".

Main unhu chombo zvikamu

Muna 1973, panguva Votkinsk chirimwa muna Udmurtia vakatanga kuungana zvombo. Akabva atanga padariro wokutanga ehurumende nemiedzo, migumisiro iyo rakagamuchirwa ne "Tochka-U". Installation iri uto iri kupfuura inowanzonzi anozivikanwa pasi rokuti 9K79.

Hwaro rose kunzwisisa - rimwe-padanho chitundumuseremusere 9M79 chakasimba mafuta. The zvachose Kureba nhare yaiva 6.4 mita dhayamita raiva 650 mm. Nokuti kosi padzimwe afoot zenze kushandiswa hombe nzira 1350-1400 mm. Kutanga kurwa chitundumuseremusere yairema anenge matani maviri, izvo matani anopfuura rimwe nehafu akanga zvakananga chete chombo chikamu. The yasara 482 Madzimabo partitioned kwakaita bhomba mutariri uye wemagetsi kudzora hurongwa.

matambudziko mazhinji akaita zvakarurama yokuwana zvokufonongonwa chitundumuseremusere huni, riri basa kumhanyisa pamusoro chitundumuseremusere uye putira kuna chinangwa. Pakupedzisira, takasarudza murwiyo, izvo zvinosanganisira rabha, aruminiyamu upfu, uyewo rebei chikamu Ammonium perchlorate. Wedzerai peturu vakapisa kure kweanenge 18-28 seconds. Rocket akapiwa inertial tichimhanya, riri zvakakwanira kutiza ya 235 seconds. Nokuda kwaizvozvi chombo maitiro "Point-U" akatendeuka nekaupenyu chisingakoshi, sokushandiswa rokuvaka shomanana mafuta uye ari putika.

Zvinoitwa nhungamiro hurongwa

The zvakaoma vazhinji zvigadzirwa uye zvokuimba zvokushandisa, mutoro kutungamirirwa chipfuro: murayiro uye gyroscopic zviridzwa, analogue kosi kombiyuta, yakawanda velocity sensors , etc. Panobva ezvinhu aiva murayiro uye gyroscopic mudziyo 9B64 muchiso ... Akanga mhosva Kudzikamiswa pechikuva panguva kutiza. Kazhinji, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa yakaoma "Tochka-U" anopiwa projectile yarova kupfura nechokure 50 makiromita uye kupararira asingapfuuri 30-40 metres kare pamusoro miedzo, iyo panguva iyoyo bordered pamusoro zvakazonaka.

On namano zvose operative Data chakasvitswa kuti kombiyuta 9B65, riri basa otomatiki kwenheyo kutiza kosi. Izvi zvaitwa zvikuru nyore, mudziyo rinofananidza vaigamuchira mashoko pamwe benchmarks kuti dzave wakazopinzwa panguva startup, uye, kana zvichiita, chinja ndege. Sezvatambotaura, izvi zvakaitwa pachishandiswa yekamuri kuzvidzora hukawanika, riri panoperera yacho projectile. Kana panguva kururamiswa huwandu huni kupiswa harina raiswa sezvo gasi-simba rokudzora hukawanika, shandisa simba dzinounzwa kupiswa gasi sezvamunoita.

Ichi chombo maitiro "Tochka-U" ndiyewo yakasiyana pevashomanana analogues ayo yokumwe umo pesimba maitiro uye kosi kururamiswa yaiva nguva zhinji kupfuura kuoma.

Other rwokugadzira zvingaitwa

Sezvo kurwa uye kwebasa zvakaoma vave zvakabatana chaizvo yose kutiza, mainjiniya rinotarisa kukura kururamiswa hurongwa kuti akatanga kushanda zvakananga tinosvika kuna kupfura. Panguva iyi, iyo gyro Switch aifanira kuramba ari goko pa necheparutivi 80 ° kusvika jengachenga mutsetse. Kazhinji, ballistic chombo "Tochka-U", pasinei hama iri nyore uye cheapness, achiratidza nemigumisiro yakanaka mashoko zvakarurama.

Kupinda kwazvinoita nzvimbo chipfuro rikaparadzirwa pamberi nokusimudza chitundumuseremusere kuti akarurama nzvimbo pamusoro launcher. Control midziyo uye inverter "Argon" iri kwaita dzaona akaumba kutiza basa, pashure pacho akachinjirwa chitundumuseremusere.

kunakidza chaizvo yaiva nzira kutarisa gyroscopic Kudzikamiswa hurongwa, izvo akashandisa ballistic chombo "Tochka-U". Zvikurukuru, magadzirirwo ayo akanga chaihwo polyhedral prism pamwe ane Manyiminya pamutemo hurongwa kosi. The chitundumuseremusere muviri kaiva hwindo chiedza unowira pamusoro polyhedron ichi uye akaratidza nemazvo pabvunzo michina.

Ushande nokuumba kuzvipira propelled chassis

Muzana rokutanga pachikuva, mainjiniya vaidavira kuti chassis vachaitwa maererano nevamwe michina yakatanga panguva Kharkov chirimwa. Zvisinei, pashure achienzanisa zvinoitwa vose ivhu rakanga aronga aanoda kupiwa Somuenzaniso akasikwa pana Bryansk motokari chirimwa. On hwaro zvinoyangarara chassis 9P129 muchina zvakanzi zvakasikwa. Oddly zvakakwana, asi maererano nemagwaro basa racho "Complex" Tochka-U "" rinotungamirirwa Volgograd chirimwa "kwezvinovharidzira". Same mureza launchers uye vazhinji nevamwe zvinokosha zvenyaya chassis kazhinji unobereka Petropavlovsk Plant.

Technical zvechadenga chassis

Mumuchina nepokuongorora Diesel injini, izvo anovandudza simba 300 horsepower. A injini simba kunoita munhu akagadzirira nokuparura kugadzwa penzira kufamba pane aimhanya anosvika 60 km / h. Off-mugwagwa mwero kuduku rwokufamba kusvika 10-15 km / h. In zvinoitirwawo kudiwa kunzwisisa "Tochka-U" pasi simba yayo akunde mvura zvipingamupinyi, nepo kuva kumhanya 10 km / h. Sezvo nhamba kurema chassis asingadi kupfuudza 18 matani, rinogona zvifambiswe pachishandiswa dzinenge zvose zvehondo senga ndege.

nokuti chombo Bay yakanga zvikuru chairoiro aurayiwe. Saka, muna Anterior chikamu zvakanzi hwavapo hwakasimba insulating casing izvo zvakanaka akadzivirira warhead projectile ekushandiswa kubva zvakanyanyisa kumusoro kana yakaderera tembiricha. The zvakawanda chinozikamwa "Tochka-U"? Characteristics prestart gadziriro zvakajeka kusiyanisa kubva zvimwe zvose chombo enyika nemhaka nyore uye nokukurumidza remapazi zvose.

Gadzirira kuhondo kushandiswa, pre-nokutumwa

The reshiyo nokuti kugadzirira kushanda kosi chinoreva yakazara rwisana akagadzirira mukati maminitsi 20 kunonyanyisa. Muchiitiko ichi mugove nguva cheshumba apedza pamusoro payo, kuti nechokwadi kunonyanyisa kutsiga chassis. zvimwe zvose nzira dzakanga anoitwa vakadzidziswa kukarukureta kazhinji nokukurumidza. Saka, chete kugadzwa "Tochka-U" (mufananidzo zvinowanikwa munyaya) kwakaoma zvechokwadi.

Wokushandura mirayiro kudzora mamiriro rinoreva vakaroorana akasiyiwa, nokusimudza launcher mu wehunyambiri nzvimbo mumasekonzi akazvitora chaizvo 15 masekonzi, uye ipapo kamwe zvaigoneka kuti kanda. Elevation launchers mumatanda vaigona kusvika 78 °. Saka, mumwe kunzwisisa kuti "Point-to-Y" ari chombo muedzo, asi nekutumirwa kwemauto iyo inopedzwa maminitsi asingasviki zviviri pasi zvakanaka ezvinhu.

Mugore chinjikira ndege makanika nhungamiro vabvumirwe batidza launcher 15 ° rworudyi uye rworuboshwe hama kuti nechepakati akabatana ari motokari. Kana vachipfura vaifanira siyana 70 makiromita chombo chinoita zvokukandwa nendege kure ino chete maminitsi mashoma. Panguva iyi launcher "Tochka-U" aifanira kuva hwakatamisirwa stowed chinzvimbo uye kutanga kushaya kubva "kujeka" nzvimbo. Recharging of zvakaoma vakatora anenge 19-20 maminitsi.

Transport vachizvitakudza motokari

Chiizve chimwe zvakaoma "Tochka-U"? Zvinoitwa zvombo zvayo, kana iwe hauna kukanganwa, rinoratidza projectile uremu matani maviri. Saka hazvibviri kuita pasina chokufambisa-kuchaja michina, hwakasikwa inobva BAZ-5922 chassis. muviri wake une nzvimbo zvombo zviviri, warheads iyo yakavharwa kuputira. Kugadzwa zviri anoshongwa pamusoro njanji zvinoitwa nerori Crane, inova chikamu magadzirirwo 9T128.

Pfungwa, kuti zvombo inogona kuchengetwa tichishandisa nguva ari chokufambisa vachizvitakudza motokari, asi zviri nani zvikuru kushandisa kuti chinangwa ichi mumwe yakarongerwa simbi midziyo. Ndechipi chikonzero? Kana "Tochka-U" (mapikicha izvo kakawanda kunoitika munyaya) yaichengetwa muna kunaka ezvinhu, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa inogona kubhururuka kwese, asi kwete ari kubaya.

Kuisa zvifambiswe pamusoro madaro marefu, vachishandisa anokosha michina 9T222, kana 9T238, idzo dzinenge mureza nematarakita anofamba. On imwe motokari akadaro anogona kutakura midziyo miviri / zvombo kana mana warheads. Hazvinei "Tochka-U" sei, zvachiri pamusoro nguva kuwedzera kuva chaizvo kuipa. Zvechokwadi, basa rakatanga pamusoro mazuvaano zvishandiswa.

Nadzurudzo uye mazuvaano

"Point-P" mugumisiro basa akaiswa basa muna 1983, zvakaoma. Zvikurukuru, hwakare zvakasiyana chete nenzira itsva chombo chinoita zvokukandwa nhungamiro kubaya. More chaizvo, ivo vagadziri vakadzokera pfungwa radar nhungamiro hurongwa. The chitsva kunzwisisa inogona kungoerekana anopamba chipfuro nechokure 15 makiromita, uye ipapo vakaenda mukufamba mureza kuzvidzora zvigadziriswe nhaka kubva kare "pfungwa." Zvisinei, itsva ezvinhu anogona kushandisa zvizere siyana zvombo kuti vakasunungurwa mumakore apfuura.

Kubvira 1984, akatanga mutsva ose basa, sezvo kunyange maitiro ezvinhu "Tochka-U" chizvarwa chitsva kunyanya kugutsikana muchiuto. Miedzo vakatora nzvimbo kare muna 1986. Makore matatu gare gare, yoku- zvakaoma rakazoshandiswa ndokutanga ayo Serial kugadzirwa. Sezvaiitwa yapfuura nyaya, huru kuchinja zvakanga zvakananga chikamu chombo. Somugumisiro, mukanyiwa kuti "pfungwa" yakawedzera anenge 250 makirogiramu.

Asi kwete chete izvi dzinoratidzwa chokugadza itsva "Tochka-U". The nharaunda rokuparadzwa yavewo zvakawedzera. The chombo itsva yakanga yakasimba-injini yairema mumwe tani. Flight siyana akabva zvakawedzera pakarepo kuna 120 makiromita, rinova kubvumirwa kuva zvenyukireya mikana anoshongwa.

Shanduro itsva ballistic zvombo

Pamberi mazuvaano ari muhondo zviumbu vacho mhando itsva. Kazhinji, kuti zuva, pane zvinotevera mhando zvombo kuti "Pfungwa":

• 9M79. Uyu wokuenzanisira chitundumuseremusere - wokutanga, izvozvo akazviratidza pamwechete installation.

• 9M79M. A musimboti rokutanga mazuvaano. Muchiitiko chino, zvakakomba chaizvo zvakachinja mabikirwo kugadzirwa. Uyezve, inoenderana zvizere itsva otomatiki kukanganiswa zvapiwa. The upgraded chombo ane indekisi 9M79R.

• 9M79-1. Shell pamwe chete zita rine yekudyidzana unoratidzwa siyana.

• 9M79-ORM. Izvi Kurovedza kwokunyepedzera kurwisa chombo, iro rinoshandiswa kudzidzisa zvikwata. In chitarisiko vari zvinenge zvakakwana bereka kwavo hondo "madzitateguru."

Mhando muhondo zviumbu

No kusiyana zvishoma iri zvakananga chombo warheads pachavo. Pano ratinoparidza rakajairika.

• 9H123. High-putika kusabatana projectile mhando. The budiriro rakapera mukunopera '60s. magadzirirwo ayo ane anenge 163 makirogiramu pamusoro zvinoputika, uye 14,5 zviuru. Semi zvimedu. Vanogona kufukidza imwe nzvimbo hectares matatu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti akagadzira zvakagadzirwa akawandisa Masvomhu, migumisiro iyo TNT vakawanda riri necheparutivi kuti nechepakati akabatana ari chitundumuseremusere, chii anopa zvikuru dzakafanana kuparadzirwa uremu pamusoro munharaunda kusabatana.

Zvakakunakirai kuti chombo ichi "Tochka-U" vanovengwa ari Navi zvakatipoteredza. Pokukundwa manpower kana kushandiswa pedyo 100%. Hide kubva rinorema kukuvadza zvinhu zvinogona chete kuva zvakanaka chaizvo pokuvanda.

• 9H123K. Chii chinoshamisa chombo ichi "Tochka-U"? Zvinoitwa naye nyore: a kukaseti goko banzurwa pamwe 50 submunitions. Mumwe nomumwe wavo - iri yoga duku goko yairema 7.5 makirogiramu, nehafu makirogiramu akabata chinhu putika mutariri. Vamwe "girinedhi" paradzira zvimedu anenge 316, asi nokuda kwavo kupararira pagungano kukwira anenge maviri makiromita vanofukidza panguva kusvikira hectares nomwe. Kuparadzira zvakawanda zvakaenzana makaseti zvaitika, kuwa kwavo Kutsigiswa tepi parachutes.
• Nuclear warheads, pamwe indekisi 9N39. Power - anoyevedza 10 kilotons. Asi panewo muenzaniso 9N64, simba iri kare 100-200 (maererano zvinyorwa zvakasiyana) kilotons. Zvose zvombo vakanga yaipiwa zvenyukireya warheads, vakanga pakataurwa tsamba "B". Nokuti zvose nguva ariko zvakaoma vasina kushandiswa kunyange kamwe.

Izvi ndizvo chakaitika chombo yakaoma "Tochka-U". Photos vari zvakakodzera kwazvo munyaya iyi kuchaita kuti pave mharidzo yako izvozvo.