The simba alloying zvinhu pamusoro ehupfumi hwendarira. Types, mavanga uye kugadzwa rakanga

Steel - mumwe vakatsvaka-pashure zvikuru zvinhu munyika nhasi. Pasina zvakaoma kufungidzira chero huripo yokuvakira, muchina-kuvaka emakambani, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda, uye zvinhu zvinenge isu muupenyu. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo chiwanikwa yedare kabhoni iri zvakasiyana, nekuti munyaya ino tikaongorora mugumisiro nokuda alloying zvinhu pamusoro ehupfumi hwendarira, uyewo ayo mifananidziro, mavanga uye dzokugara.

Vhuṱanzi

Nhasi, dzakawanda pezvitsiga vava zvinowanzoshandiswa inenge zvose zvoupenyu mabasa evanhu. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa chokuti iri chiwanikwa ichi optimally rinobatanidza zvakawanda yose zvemaziso, mumuviri, zvemakemikari uye kwesayenzi zvivako, izvo havana mamwe zvinhu. steelmaking muitiro inongogara kuitwa nani uye nokuda zvivako ayo uye unhu kubvumira kuwana aida kuita pakati zvichizoita semubairo zvenhengo zvinoriumba uye michina.

Kupatsanura ne chinangwa

Mumwe simbi, zvichienderana chinangwa zvakanzi zvakasikwa, ari madikanwa hwaro inogona rakava muna rimwe zvinotevera Categories:

• Structural.
• Instrumental.
• chinangwa Special chaizvo ehupfumi.

Boka kupfuura vazhinji - STRUCTURAL simbi, rakagadzirirwa dzakasiyana-siyana chivakwa zvivako, mano, michina. Construction muchiso yakakamurwa pamusoro mukuvandudza, carburized, chitubu-chitubu, yakakwirira simba.

Danho steels vari kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nokuti vari kugadzirwa kuti chombo: nokuveza nekuyera, etc. It anoenda pasina achiti mugumisiro alloying zvinhu pamusoro ehupfumi ari simbi boka iri zvakare guru ...

Special steels vane nokupesana kwavo, izvo zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mapoka:

• Stainless simbi (aizivikanwawo ngura).
• Heat nemishonga.
• Heat nemishonga.
• Electrical.

simbi boka iri makemikari anoumba

Vataura kupatsanura simbi zvichienderana constituent zvemakemikari zvinoriumba:

• Carbon simbi mamakisi.
• Doped.

mapoka maviri aya Nokudaro zvatowedzera yakakamurwa uwandu kunyange uye kabhoni zviri mukati kuti:

• Low kabhoni (asingasviki 0.3% kabhoni).
• Of svikiro (Kuwanda kabhoni iri 0.3 - 0,7%).
• High-kabhoni (anopfuura 0,7% kabhoni).

Chii chiwanikwa simbi?

Pasi tsanangudzo iyi, zvinofanira kunzwisiswa simbi ine, mu zvakafanana nokuramba tsvina, kunyange yokuvirisa kwakamboitwa chiwanikwa mamiriro kuwedzera zvemaziso ehupfumi ari zvichizoita pakupedzisira vanamai.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro unhu simbi

parameter ichi akapiwa chiwanikwa chinorehwa chine zvivako, izvo zvinozoita zvinokonzerwa kwayo kugadzirwa rikurumidze pacharo. For maitiro akadaro, izvo pasi uye yakapambadzirwa mudziyo steels ndiwo:

• Chemical sezvamunoita.
• Kufanana mamiriro.
• Processability.
• Mechanical ehupfumi.

Kunaka chero simbi kunoenderana sei zvikuru okisijeni iri ririmo, rehydrogen, senitrogen, sarufa phosphorus. Uyewo haana yokupedzisira basa reDare nzira kubudisa simbi. The yakarurama vakawanda Pakuurayiwa unodikanwa kumwedzi popadniya Range riri soposob mu steelmaking yamavira.

Chiwanikwa simbi uye kuchinja nzvimbo yayo

Chiwanikwa simbi ine wayo muchiso chokuguma mazita tsamba raitongwa nechisimba chaikosha kunochinja ehupfumi ayo, kwete chete kubva izvi zvokunze vamiririri, asiwo avo yakawiriranwa kuita pakati pavo.

Kana tikafunga zvakananga carbon, ari alloying masangano ari kudyidzana navo inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvikuru zviviri:

• Zvinhu izvo zvinoumba makemikari remubatanidzwa pamwe kabhoni (carbide) - molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese.
• Okunze havaumbi carbide - nesilicon, aruminiyamu uye nickel.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti simbi, ayo doped karbidobrazuyuschimi zvinhu vane refu kwazvo kwoukukutu uye kwakawedzera kusakara nemishonga.

The pasi chiwanikwa simbi (pefiyumu: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU nevamwe). It anopindura rinokosha nzvimbo chiwanikwa 13X, izvo zvakaoma zvinokwana kugadzirwa kuvhiyiwa yake, achiita zvokutemera, zvishongo zvokushandisa, reza.

inopangidza

Zviri alloying zvinhu zviri simbi inogona tsunga kubva kwayo chitaridzi. Mumwe nomumwe yenhengo izvi akasuma kupinda chiwanikwa ane mucherechedzo tsamba wayo. Somuenzaniso:

• Chromium - Kr.
• Vanadium -V.
• Manganese -Mn.
• Niobium - NB.
• Tungsten -W.
• Titanium - Ti.

Dzimwe nguva kutanga indekisi iri esimbi giredhi ndivo tsamba. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anotakura anokosha. Kunyanya, tsamba "P" zvinoreva kuti simbi ndiyo kumhanya, "W" rinoratidza kuti simbi bhora-kubereka, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical etc. High unhu steels vane yavo alphanumeric rokuti pakupedzisira tsamba "munhu" uye Hunofanira ane tsamba "W" pakupera kupenda.

The matambudziko alloying zvinhu

Chekutanga zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti chinokosha zvazvinoita kabhoni ane pamusoro ehupfumi hwendarira. Hazvina chaikosha ichi chinopa kuwedzera ayo wevasungwa pamwe kuwedzera simba neukukutu panguva yakaderera viscosity uye plasticity. Uyezve, ikawanda kabhoni wevasungwa chendangariro Kuipa machinability.

The chromium tigutsikane ari simbi chokuita ayo ngura nemishonga. Izvi makemikari chaikosha siyana pamusoro chiwanikwa pamusoro nechisimba oxidizing ezvinhu, nhete inodzivirira oxide firimu. Zvisinei, kuti vabudirire kutiita iyi simbi chromium kunofanira kanenge 11,7%.

Special nzeve inofanira aruminiyamu. It rinoshandiswa simbi alloying kwacho chokubvisa okisijeni uye senitrogen, pashure achinatsa, kuitira kupa rutapudzo pamusoro chiwanikwa kukwegura. Uyezve, aruminiyamu inovandudzika zvikuru ari kuoma uye fluidity anorapa zvikuru deleterious mugumisiro phosphorus.

Vanadium - chinokosha alloying Kufananidzira, apo chiwanikwa chokushandisa simbi vanowana yakakwirira kwoukukutu uye simba. Muna chiwanikwa zviyo kunodzikira uye kunowedzera arambe achirema.

Chiwanikwa simbi, izvo mavanga ane tungsten, takaberekwa tine matunhu kwoukukutu uye tsvuku neukukutu. Tungsten Zvakanakawo pakuti hakubvisi brittleness pamusoro chiwanikwa panguva yakarongwa pazororo.

Kuwedzera kupisa nemishonga, rinobva zvivako uye chinokosha nemishonga kuti kunokanganisa mitoro simbi yakapambadzirwa pamwe cobalt. Asi mumwe wevaya zvinhu haamo kuva chero chinokosha nezvainoita simbi, ndiye nesilicon. Zvisinei, muna steels avo, ayo aida welded simbi, wevasungwa kuti nesilicon anofanira hazvo kuva mukati 0.12-0.25%.

Sezvineiwo anovandudza zvemaziso zvivako hwendarira uye magnesium. Rinoshandiswawo senzira desulfurization mumiriri panyaya yokushandisa vnedomennoy desulphurization.

The pasi chiwanikwa simbi (tara rine alloying zvinhu asingasviki 2,5%) kazhinji rine manganese, iyo inopa nayo ine zvakafanira kuwedzera zvakaoma, abrasion nemishonga, apo kuramba Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri plasticity. Asi wevasungwa kuti chinhu ichi anopfuura 1%, kana kwete kukwanisa kuzadzisa ehupfumi izvi.

Carbon simbi mugwaro fusible chipi pamwero mukuru kuvaka zvivako zvine mhangura, iyo inopa kunonyanyisa anticorrosion ehupfumi.

Kuwedzera tsvuku zvakaoma, elasticity, simba tensile uye tensile nemishonga kuti ngura mukati simbi hazvo raitongwa molybdenum, uko mberi kunowedzera kuramba oxidation uye simbi kana neshungu yakakwirira tembiricha unhu. Uyewo, cerium uye neodymium, anoshandiswa kuderedza porosity yacho chiwanikwa.

Tichitarisa mugumisiro alloying zvinhu pamusoro ehupfumi hwendarira hazvigoni kungotariswa uye nickel. Izvi zvinoita simbi kugamuchira simbi hardenability uye simba kwazvo, ductility nezvainoita kuramba kuwedzera uye nechezasi panogumira kutonhora brittleness.

Very kushandiswa nevakawanda senzira dopant, uye niobium. wevasungwa Its muna 6-10 kakapetwa uwandu zvaida prisutsvtuyuschego kabhoni iri chiwanikwa, hakubvisi intergranular ngura kuti Stainless steels uye anodzivirira weld mapfundo kuparadza zvikuru kunaka.

Titanium unokubvumira kuwana optimum chokupika simba uye ductility, uyewo kuvandudza ngura nemishonga. Vaya simbi, iro rine chirungiso, zvakangonaka pachena kuti zvakasiyana kubudiswa maturusi, chinangwa chinokosha pamusoro ano muchina Ezvemutauro.

Pakatanga zirconium chiwanikwa simbi inoita kuti vawane zvinodiwa zviyo kukura kana zvakakodzera uye kuchinja mune zviyo kukura.

kwemasanga marara

Zvikuru zvisingadiwi zvinhu zviri chaizvo kukanganisa kunaka simbi dziri Arsenic, tini, namavara akanaka. pakuonekwa kwavo chiwanikwa nguva dzose kunokonzera simbi anova pfava chaizvo panguva miganhu tsanga dzavo, kunyanya kana rollback simbi rinoparadza uye panguva annealing yakaderera kabhoni steels.

mhedziso

Munguva yedu, simba alloying zvinhu pamusoro ehupfumi zvinoramba kwazvo kuzivikanwa. Nyanzvi nokungwarira vakaongorora matambudziko nomumwe chirungiso ari chiwanikwa. The yokungotaura ruzivo inoita metallurgists vane hurongwa Pasika kuumba schematic Mufananidzo steelmaking, kuona uwandu kwaida zvemichina uye consumable zvokuvakisa (mhangura, pfungwa, pellets, uye dzimwe yokuvirisa). steelmakers Most dzinowanzotaura chromium, vanadium, cobalt, uye dzimwe alloying zvinhu izvo zvinodhura chaizvo.