The kurudyi maonero mune zvematongerwo enyika. Ndezvipi enyika maonero?

Upenyu ehurumende uye hweruzhinji muvanhu munyika dzokuMadokero nhasi kunobva zvakawanda misimboti, zvichireva kuvapo zhinji pfungwa maonero pamusoro siyana dzakatarisana nyika uye vanhu pachayo (the multiplicity siyana anonzi okuti "pluralism"). Hazvina musiyano uyu mafungiro uye vakamukira nekupesana mukati kurudyi, uyewo centrists. nzvimbo idzi kazhinji kugamuchirwa munyika. Sei zvakasiyana pakati pavo? Uye chakaitika ukama pakati avo kuti vane kodzero maonero, uye vaya vanozviti "vakasara"?

Right political mirayiridzo

Chekutanga zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vakadaro mashoko anoreva magariro uye ezvematongerwo enyika uye pfungwa. Kodzero-bapiro maonero vanoonekwa ne kutsoropodza of zvinhu. mapato akadaro nyasha rarinoshevedzwa raivapo zvoupfumi uye utongi enyika. Panguva dzakasiyana nguva zvaunofarira vemapoka akadaro angava akasiyana, izvo inobvawo pamusoro tsika, uye nharaunda. Somuenzaniso, mukuvamba namapfumbamwe remakore mu America enyika vane kodzero maonero, waitsigira pakuchengetedza nhapwa hurongwa, uye muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri rokutanga - pamusoro utano kuchinja varombo.

Kusiyiwa political mirayiridzo

Tinogona kutaura kuti izvi rudzi zvinyorwa zvokupikisa rwerudyi. Leftist enyika maonero - ndiwo zita seboka vane pfungwa uye kufamba kuti vanotsigira kuti zvinhu uye pamwero mukuru Kuchinja huripo hurumende enyika uye zvoupfumi. Nzvimbo idzi dzinosanganisira gutsaruzhinji, necommunism, mhirizhonga uye munzanga hweruzhinji. Left bapiro ari kurayira kuenzana uye nokururamisira vose.

Nhoroondo weboka enyika maonero uye chidzoke yavose

Muzana nemanomwe remakore muFrance pakanga mahwanda pakati vakakwirira, izvo chokwadi akanga zvino bedzi simba, uye bourgeoisie, kugutsikana mwero basa rimwe abhadhara. The kurudyi-bapiro enyika maonero dzakaumbwa mushure yechimurenga paramende. Netsaona kusiya saka kuti zvakarurama bapiro Paramende akagadzirisa anonzi Feuillant vaida kuchengetedza uye kusimbisa poumambo uye mambo kugadziridzwa nokushandisa bumbiro. Pakati vaiva Girondins - ". Vanodzedzereka" ndiko Kurutivi akasiya akagara Jacobin wevatariri, vaiva vatsigiri kukuru uye kuchinja, uyewo ose echimurenga kufamba uye zviito. Saka, uye yakakamurwa meso kurudyi nekuruboshwe. First kuva zvakafanana yokuti "reactionary" uye "kuchinja" uye chechipiri anonzi radicals uye progressives.

Sei izvi pfungwa dziri avhiringidzwa?

The kurudyi-bapiro enyika maonero chaizvoizvo kwakajairika chaizvo. Panguva dzakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana kune zvakasiyana nzvimbo absented rakapotsa mungashandisa pfungwa enyika. Somuenzaniso, pashure chitarisiko chake liberalism zvakajeka zvaiona zvasara. Ipapo akatanga kurondedzerwa se enyika muzinda zano kubvuma uye zvokutengeserana-offs pakati mhando mbiri.

To musi, liberalism (kana kuti, chiNazi liberalism) - chimwe chezvinhu kuchinja nzvimbo, uye masangano worupo anogona semhosva zvakanaka-bapiro mapati. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotokwanisa tichingoda kutaura neoliberalism somunhu mhando itsva Fascism. Kunyange zvakadaro chinoshamisa nemaonero aripo, nokuti unogona kuyeuka Chilean Pinochet rusununguko rayo yevasungwa.

VaKomonisiti uye Bolsheviks - vanoita?

The kurudyi-bapiro maonero enyika vari nyore kwete chete kuti vaparadzane, asiwo aivhengana. Muenzaniso unoshamisa kupokana kwakadaro - communism. The vazhinji Bolshevik uye Communist mapato akasvika guru nhandare mushure disengagement kubva mumagariro gutsaruzhinji, izvo chamuita kwavari.

The Social Democrats vaiva hwokufananidzira kuruboshwe-bapiro, izvo zvaida kuwedzera vanhu kodzero enyika uye rusununguko, kuvandudza kwenzanga ezvinhu vashandi uye kuvandudza nzira zvishoma nezvishoma murunyararo chinja. Against izvi zvose, nokushingaira akarwa zvino zvakanaka-bapiro mapati. Vakomonisiti vakapomera Social Democrats woumbwende ndokunanga mamwe nokukurumidza kuchinja munharaunda iri kunyatsooneka munhoroondo Russia.

Kwawakarerekera kutaura, mamiriro ezvemari rwekuita kirasi richiri hwakavandudzika. Zvisinei, akasimbisa muSoviet Union, hurumende enyika zvachose aparadza zvose democratic kodzero uye rusununguko vanhu panzvimbo richikura kwavari anodiwa chete kuruboshwe-bapiro Social Democrats. Under Stalin, mukuru akatora maruva ari pevatongi hurumende kurudyi. Saka, pane dambudziko vanoramba vari kupatsanura vamwe kumapati.

Sociological misiyano

Zviri mumunda nezvemagariro evanhu, unogona kuwana musiyano yokutanga. Leftists ndivo vanonzi nevakawanda sectors vokuparidzira - varombo, ukarega kuva uridzi. Zviri yavo Karl Marx akadana proletarians, uye nhasi dzinonzi mubayiro-workers, vanhu kureva vanogara chete mubayiro.

Kodzero-bapiro maonero vakanga tagara kuna akazvimiririra vanhu, uyo vangave vanogara muguta uye muruwa, asi yayo kana angambosvika nokuda kugadzirwa (zvitoro, mabhizimisi, workshop uye nezvimwewo), kureva, rokumanikidzirwa vamwe kana ndivo kuzviitira basa.

Chokwadi, hapana kodzero-bapiro mapato neVadzidzi pamusoro proletariat, asi kwete munzvimbo yokutanga. Musiyano uyu ndiye wokutanga uye unokosha panoparadzana mutsetse kurutivi ruoko rimwe pane kuti Bourgeois, cadres, nhengo akarurama ounyanzvi hwokugadzira, varidzi ezvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri mabhizimisi; Ukuwo - varombo varimi, vanhuwo zvavo uye vashandi. Sezvingatarisirwa, muganhu pakati mumisasa izvi zviviri avhiringidzwa uye kusagadzikana, iyo inozivikanwa nokuda kakawanda Kudira mapuranga kubva kurutivi rumwe kusvikira kuno rumwe. Newewo unogona kukanganwa pamusoro chazezesa pakati kirasi, kuri zvenguva mamiriro. Munguva yedu, muganhu kwazova ndokunge.

Historical nouzivi musiyano

Kubvira French Revolution akasiya enyika maonero zvakanzi zvainanga yakakura mutemo uye kuchinja. The aripo zvinoitwa haazombofi kugutsa vezvematongerwo enyika ino mhando, vaigara raimirira shanduko nokumukira. Saka, kuruboshwe vakaratidza kuzvipira uye chido kufambira mberi. Kodzero-bapiro maonero Havashori kukura, vanoratidza kudiwa kudzivirira uye kudzorerwa tsika dzekare.

Somugumisiro, mumwe anogona kuchengeta muhondo mirayiridzo maviri rinopikisa - vateveri rwokufamba kuti vatsigiri Rumhangapanga. Nomuzvarirwo, tinogona kukanganwa pamusoro vakawanda kuchinja uye maketeni. Enyika, kuti vamiririri Left mapato kuona nzira kutanga kuchinja, kukwanisa kutiza kare, kushandura zvose zvaunogona. Chaizvoizvo tarira simba senzira kuramba zvinodiwa chamazuva.

Tellingly, zvingadarowo kuona vamwe kusiyana pazvinhu chokwadi zvachose. Leftists kazhinji anoratidza simba propensity kune ose pakuva uye idealism, apo vavengi vavo - inonzwisisika realists uye pragmatists. Zvisinei, aiva nomukurumbira kurudyi-bapiro mafeni kunogonawo kuva nechido vanonyanyisa, kunyange ngozi chaizvo.

political misiyano

Kuruboshwe-bapiro enyika ramakazivisa refu pachavo ari kutsigira vanhu vake zvido uye chete vamiriri wezvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa, mapato uye neshamwari vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo. Chaizvoizvo, kunyange pachena kwete kuratidza kuzvidza kwavo vanhu, ivo ndivo vateveri kunamatwa yechizvarigo, musoro wehurumende, pfungwa yokuvimbika rwacho. Pakupedzisira, hazvishamisi inonzi vatauriri pfungwa National (vari kazhinji kuita urudzi, authoritarianism uye xenophobia), uye avo ezvematongerwe enyika vavengi - pfungwa of Republic. In tsika, vaviri vanogona kuita somunhu democratic nemaonero, uye kushandisa zvakajeka pevatongi nzira simba.

Rightism yokunyanyisa chimiro anogona kunzi kwazvo centralized pevatongi mamiriro (somuenzaniso, Third Reich), uye leftism - rusingadzorwi anarchism kuti anotsvaka kuparadzwa simba rokutaura.

zvoupfumi misiyano

Kuruboshwe-bapiro enyika maonero vanoonekwa ne negation kuti capitalism. vatakuri zvavo vanomanikidzwa ndakashingirira sezvo asi kuvimba hurumende kupfuura kumusika. Nationalization, izvo akakwazisa nechido, uye nokuda privatization yokuona pamwe gobvu kuzvidemba.

enyika vaya vane maonero zvakanaka, funga chii pamusika chinhu chinokosha chakaita kukura ehurumende uye upfumi zvavo panyika. Chokwadi, capitalism inowanikwa zvakatipoteredza nechido, uye zvemarudzi ose privatization - pamwe kutsoropodza uye kungopeta maoko. Izvi hakutadzisi nationalist kuva murevereri ane simba mamiriro uye nokusimbaradza vanhu nemauto ari siyana sectors hwenyika, asi munhu ane leftist maonero vari libertarian (mutsigiri wakasununguka pamusika napo). Zvisinei, pfungwa huru Kazhinji chisingaperi: pfungwa yakasimba ehurumende ari kuruboshwe, uye vakasununguka musika - kurudyi; vakaronga upfumi - kuruboshwe uye makwikwi uye makwikwi - kurudyi.

Kusiyana netsika nemaonero

The enyika kurudyi-bapiro maonero akasiyana mune nemaonero mubvunzo National. Chokutanga waitsigira zvetsika anthropocentrism uye Humanism. Nepo yokupedzisira kuzivisa pfungwa nevakawanda achifunga, izvo zvaizoita zvakazadza wacho unhu. Apa ndipo nhema Midzi yokusafa kodzero vakawanda chitendero uye kusatendera kuruboshwe. Chimwe musiyano ndiko kukosha nyika nokuda wokutanga uye kudiwa internationalism uye cosmopolitanism yechipiri.