The kukunda Genghis Khan. Makore hwake uye yokutonga Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan kuti kufora kuRussia

In wokutanga kota vapfumi munhau yacho XIII remakore expanses kubva kuSiberia kuchamhembe Iran uye Azov zvakaziviswa muchihwihwidza mabhiza vasingaverengeki nechisimba, vakamhanya kubva pakadzika Mongolian steppes. Vairarama kuti zvakaipa shasha yekare yaitonga - ari nyanzvi aizokunda Genghis Khan uye mukundi marudzi.

Mwanakomana gamba Esugeya

Temujin - saka pakuzvarwa ainzi Genghis Khan, mutongi yemberi Mongolia uye kuchamhembe China - akaberekwa duku turakiti delüün boldog, rakagumbatirwa pamahombekombe ari Onon River. Akanga ari mwanakomana munharaunda mukuru Esugeya unobtrusive, ndokubereka zvisinei Bahadar rokuremekedza, izvo zvinoreva "murwi." Kwakadaro honorary rokuremekedza waakawana nokuda kukunda kwake pamusoro wechiTatar mutungamiri Tmudzhinom-Ugra. Pakurwa kuratidza nemuvengi wake ndiye, uye kutapwa yake, iye nevamwe zvakapambwa akabatwa wake Oelun, mwedzi mipfumbamwe gare gare akava amai Temujin.

Musi chaiwo chiitiko ichi huchachinja kosi kwenhoroondo yenyika, hazvisi vamwe, asi Ungangove ichiri kunzi muna 1155. About sei akapedza makore ake okutanga, haana kurarama mashoko akavimbika, asi inozivikanwa kuti kare makore mapfumbamwe Yesugei muna rimwe pedyo marudzi wakanyengwa mwanakomana wake nezita romwenga Borte. Zviya, pachake, ndiro sutu kwaari kwakaguma chaizvo zvinosuwisa munzira shure akanga muchetura Tatars, iye mwanakomana wake uyo akararazve.

Makore kutsvakatsvaka uye nenhamo

Kubva muduku paumbwe Genghis Khan kwakaitika imwe mhepo ine utsinye rinondinetsa tipone. Kashoma vanhu vake vakadzidza rufu Esugaja sezvo vakakanda regedzeka kubudikidza chirikadzi yake (ari kurwara-fated gamba vakanga vakadzi vaviri) nevana (iyewo akasiya zvakawanda), kutora pfuma yakasara inowanzorimwa. Nherera mhuri makore mashoma dzinodzungaira, ari vava kuda nenzara.

Makore Genghis Khan (Temujin) Early rakaenderana nguva apo steppes, zvakava kumusha dzemo vatungamiriri dzedzinza akatungamirira anotyisa kurwirana simba, chinangwa yaiva kuzviisa pasi pakati muArabhu yasara. Rimwe musarudzo idzi - musoro worudzi taychiutov Tarqutai-Kiriltuh (a hama yokure baba vake) kunyange akabata jaya, akaona maari anokumhan'arira ramangwana, uye kwenguva refu akaramba mumikombe zvinogumbura nguva.

Mbava jasi vanoshandura nyaya avanhu

Asi mugumo kuti pa rusununguko muduku musungwa uyo akakwanisa kunyengedza kuvarwadzisi ake uye kusununguka. Panguva ino kukunda Genghis Khan rokutanga. Vakatendeukira kuna kuva mwoyo muduku runako bhodhi - iye chakazonzi mwenga. To wake Temujin akaenda, nepaburi kamwe vakasununguka. The mupemhi, pamwe kungoda Mapedhi pamusoro pamaoko, akanga enviable Chikomba, asi zvinoita kuti kuvhiringidza mwoyo emusikana?

Sezvo baba roora Borte kwakaita akapa wavo dzakaisvonaka Sable jasi, iyo, kunyange zvichiita sokuti zvisingatendeseki, akatanga kukwira aizokunda Asia. Kunyange muedzo kushamisira mu furs dzinodhura, asi Temujin vaisarudza zvimwe kurasa chipo muchato.

Naye, akaenda kupfuura simba panguva iyoyo inowanzorimwa mutungamiri - musoro rudzi Kerayit Toorilu Khan akauya ake uye iye kuti ukoshi hwake chete, kwete kukanganwa kuenda chipo pazvakakodzera runonyengera. Izvi zvakanga chaizvo muoni. Kunyimwa majasi, Temujin zvakawana anorichengeta simba, ari kubatana rakatanga ayo rwendo mukundi.

kutanga enzira

Achitsigirwa simba kudaro shamwari ine sezvo Toora Khan akatanga kukunda kunozivikanwa Genghis Khan. Tafura yakapiwa pamusoro nyaya inoratidza kupfuura yakakurumbira vavo, izvo zvava kare chinokosha chete. Asi vakanga vasingagoni zvaitika ndisina takunda duku, hondo dzematunhu rwakagadzirira nzira yokuti nyika mbiri.

Kuzopindazve pedyo vagari ulus, akaedza kuzoteura zvishoma ropa uye kuponesa upenyu vavengi vavo sezvinobvira. Izvi zvakaitwa kwete nekuda Humanism, rakanga nomutorwa kune vanogara steppes, uye kuti uwane akakurira kurutivi rwake uye nokuda kuti kubatana nokudyidzana wehondo yake. Nokuzvidira akarikunda kwaari uye nokors - navatorwa vakagadzirira kushanda kuti mugove chakapambwa mukurima danidziro.

Zvisinei, makore Genghis Khan mangwanani rinowanzoshandiswa rakavafukidza uye kunetsa miscalculation. Rimwe zuva akaenda rakatevera kunopamba, vachisiya nemusasa yavo unguarded. Izvi vakabatsirwa Markit rudzi, ane varwi pasina hondo vakarwisa uye vakapamba pfuma, kubviswa naye vakadzi vose, kusanganisira mudzimai wake waaida Bothe. Chete tichibatsirwa chete Toora Khan Temujin akabudirira mune akundwe Merkit kudzokera akatendeka.

Kukunda Tartars uye kupambwa Eastern Mongolia

Mumwe kukunda itsva Genghis Khan akamutsa mukurumbira wake pakati inowanzorimwa muArabhu uye kugumisa ari nhamba huru vatongi nharaunda. Inenge muna 1186 yaakasika kwake ulus - rudzi feudal mamiriro. Kusimbiswa ake nesimba rose, akamumisa pamusoro omurume ndima vakaraira delineated hunyambiri simba, apo zvose nzvimbo dzinokosha akaitwa ayo anofungidzirwa.

The kukundwa of Tatars akava mumwe anokosha kukunda, iro rakatanga aine nevaMedhiya Genghis Khan. Tafura yakapiwa pamusoro nyaya zvinoreva chiitiko ichi muna 1200, asi nhevedzano musazonetsanazve nezvombo vakatanga shure mumakore mashanu asati kuti. At pakuguma XII remakore Tatars ruzivo dzakaoma. misasa yavo nguva dzose akarwisa nesimba uye ngozi muvengi - the nevarwi Chinese madzimambo Jin dzinza.

Kushandisa ichi, Temujin akabatana Jin mauto uye navo Vakarwisa muvengi. Muchiitiko chino, chinangwa chake chikuru haana dzokubudisa, izvo nokuzvidira vakagoverana pamwe Chinese, uye kuderera pakati Tatars, uyo amire munzira yake kuti Kudzora batana ari steppes. Zvaakanga makawana zvaaida, iye Inoziva akapotsa nharaunda yose kumabvazuva Mongolia, achiva mutongi wayo batana, sezvo matambudziko ari Jin youmambo mudunhu simba yekudyidzana.

Kukunda Trans-Baikal Territory

Hazvina muripo kwete chete inokosha tarenda Temujin, asi ake nounyanzvi nedzenyu. Nounyanzvi vachikorovhera vavariro dzemadzinza vatungamiriri, nguva dzose akatungamirira ruvengo rwavo mune zvakanaka mirayiridzo naye. By vachipinda nemibatanidzwa zvechiuto vavengi nezuro uye kurwisa nokunyengera shamwari achangopfuura, iye aiziva sei kuva mukundi.

Pashure pokukundwa pakati Tatars muna 1202 akatanga hasha mishandirapamwe pakati Genghis Khan muna Trans-Baikal Territory, apo mune zvakawanda remake pakati akagadzirisa madzinza Tayichi'ut. Zvakanga zvisiri nyore pavaimberereka imwe hondo kuti Khan akanga ngozi vakakuvadzwa museve muvengi. Zvisinei, kunze vapfumi nechisimba akauya Khan chivimbo, sezvo kukunda ava oga, pasina kutsigira vatsigiri.

Musoro Khan Great, uye kuva ne "Yasa" mitemo

The mashanu akatevera vaiva kuenderera kukunda dzakawanda vanhu vanogara munharaunda kuMongolia ake. Kubva kukunda mukukunda wakawedzera simba rake uye kwakawedzera hondo, kukasawedzerwa ne kushandisa basa rayo zuro wacho vavengi. In mangwanani chitubu 1206 Temujin akanzi Guru Khan kubudikidza basa inonyanya rokuti "Kagan" uye zita Chingiz (mukundi mvura), uyo akapinda munhoroondo yenyika.

Makore Genghis Khan rokutonga vaiva munguva apo rose upenyu vanhu pasi pake yaidzorwa akarondedzera mitemo yavo, mumwe yakatarwa unonzi "Yasa". Nzvimbo huru mairi rwaigara nyaya varwere urongwa nzwisisika rubatsiro namazano pamushandirapamwe, uye achitogona unorambidza zvokunyengera wakavimba chinhu kwevanhu.

Chinoshamisa, maererano nemitemo mutongi uyu nehafu tyisa, mumwe kumusoro unhu kuvimbika kwainzi kunyange pachena muvengi kune ake changamire. Somuenzaniso, musungwa uya akaramba kusiya tenzi wake aimbova, yainzi akafanira ruremekedzo uye akabvuma kuhondo.

Kusimbaradza kutwasuka simba mumakore eupenyu Genghis Khan vachiri pasi yayo vanogara kuzvidzora yakakamurwa mu zviuru gumi (tumens), vezviuru navamazana. Pamusoro neimwe nemapoka akamutsa musoro musoro (kureva) ndiye anokonzera kuvimbika kwake pasi. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti tirambe pakuomerera kuzviisa pasi kuti akawandisa vanhu.

Mumwe mukuru uye murume utano kwainzi murwi, uye aifanira kutora zvombo pakutanga chiratidzo. Kazhinji, panguva iyoyo hondo Genghis Khan oda 95 zviuru. Man necheni kurangwa simbi. Zvishoma kusateerera kana woumbwende akaratidza muhondo, nechirango chorufu.

nzira itsva kukunda

Muna 1211 opera kukunda Genghis Khan vanhu vaigara Baikal uye kuSiberia. Kubva makona zvose izvi zvakawanda munharaunda vakadirana kuna mutero kwaari. Asi mweya wake kudzikama haawani zororo. Mberi aiva North China - munyika umo mambo kamwe akamubatsira kukunda Tatars uye kuchisimba, simuka kune kuvandudza simba.

More makore mana asati kutanga Chinese nhimbe, kuda kuwana nzira kutevera mauto ayo, Genghis Khan akakunda uye akaparadza Tangut umambo Xi Xia. Muzhizha 1213 akanga achitarisira kuti andobata nhare kuti akafukidza ndima Great Wall of China, vambotiza Jin State. danidziro ake akanga kunokurumidza uye vakakunda. Ashamisika, vazhinji muguta mapfumo pasina kurwa, uye vazhinji Chinese vatungamiriri vemauto vanototsigira vanopinda nechisimba.

Apo yakakundwa North China, Genghis Khan akatamira mauto ake mumaoko Central Asia, apo ivo vakanga rombo. Kuva yakakunda expanses huru, akasvika Samarkand, apo akapfuurira norwendo rwake, vachidikanwa North of Iran uye rakawanda eCaucasus.

Genghis Khan kuti kufora kuRussia

Subutai uye Jebe - nokuti kukunda necheSalvic nyika 1221-1224 gore, Genghis Khan, vaviri ake kupfuura ruzivo wehondo akatumwa. Zvavakanga vayambuka Dnieper, ivo vambotiza Kievan Rus panotangira hondo dzakawanda. Hativimbi yayo kukunda muvengi, vatongi Russian akaita ukama hwake hwekare vavengi - Polovtsy.

Hondo kwakaitika musi waMay 31, 1223 mu Gungwa Azov, pamusoro Kalka River. Yakaguma kukundwa yeRussian-Polovtsian mauto. Chikonzero kukundikana zhinji dzekare ona kwokuzvikudza muchinda Mstislav Udatnogo, uyo vayambuka rwizi uye akatanga kurwa kusvikira huru mauto. Prince Chido kukurira muvengi akatendeukira rufu rwake uye rufu vamwe vabati vazhinji. Njodzi yakadaro nokuda kutsigira nyika yamadzibaba kufora Genghis Khan akatendeukira Russia. Asi pamberi pavo kumirira chinotokurudzira zvikuru nomuedzo.

Last kukunda Genghis Khan

Akafa ari mukundi Asia mukupera muzhizha 1227 panguva yake yechipiri kurwisa mamiriro Xi Xia. More chando akatanga kukombwa rayo guru - Zhongxin, uye vaneta mauto kutsigira muguta, kugadzirira kutora kusarenda yavo. Yakanga kukunda Genghis Khan wokupedzisira. Pakarepo, akanzwa zvakaipa uye slog, uye nguva pfupi pashure akafa. Kwete dzakakudzingai mukana nomuchetura, vatsvakurudzi vanowanzomuitira kuona chikonzero rufu kusvikira yematambudziko akakonzerwa kukuvara kugamuchira nguva pfupi asati kuwa kubva bhiza rake.

The nzvimbo chaiyo kuvigwa of Great Khan kuzivikanwa vasingazivikanwi uye musi rwevanodzvinyirira awa ayo okupedzisira. In Mongolia, apo kamwe yaiva turakiti delüün boldog, izvo maererano nengano akaberekwa Genghis Khan, nhasi anopomerwa shongwe. nokukudzwa kwake.