Stoicism - kuti vatungamirire zvoruzivo? The Chaizvoizvo uye mamirire stoicism

Munguva yekare stoicism kwouzivi - kuti mutero kunaka imwe mhando kuti rinodzidzisa wose dzetsika, hurongwa uye basa. nevanhu izvi unosimbiswa mukunopera Hellenistic nguva, uye yaiva yekare veruzhinji kwemazana emakore. zita raro, nheyo uye chaizvoizvo kufamba ichi aakapiwa Greece, asi nokukurumidza akava akakurumbira muUmambo hweRoma. Hazvibviri kuti stoicism ichi, zvishoma. Nekuti tinovimba zvakanyorwa vakachenjera yekare, zvakawanda broadly, funga pfungwa iyi.

Origin uye Description

Inotorwa musi kuvambwa pachikoro Stoicism munyika munyika yekare vaiona IV remakore BC. Yakanga iri pabiravira Stoa Poikile vakabata wokutanga rekuratidzwa pamusoro Zeno pamusoro Kition. Iye akaridza basa mudzidzisi uye akaudza vanhu vose kuti zvavanenge vawana uye zvichiratidza pasango uzivi. Saka akava muvambi wechikoro chitsva, iyo akazodawo chaizvoizvo vashoma nevamwe nevanhu uye pfungwa. Kazhinji, vechiStoiki uzivi - nayo kuti ushingi, kusimba, noukukutu uye kuramba zvose matambudziko oupenyu. Zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti mufananidzo chaiwo vechiStoiki wakati anoratidzwa mune cherudo vakachenjera yekare, zvakasimba midzi mupfungwa European munzanga. Izvi izwi hwagara dzinoratidzwa kutsungirira kwevanhu, unsentimental, munhu anonzwa pfungwa zvakafanira pachavo uye vamwe. Uyewo kucherechedza ndechokuti stoicism - kurambwa upi manyawi, nokuti kupindira munhu afunge rationally uye kuita kodzera sarudzo.

periodization

Munyaya iyi, zvinofungwa nyanzvi anosiyana. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi kusiyanisa munhoroondo chikoro ichi kunzi razero nguva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muna Stoa Poikile vakachenjera vakanga chete vechiStoiki nemaonero upenyu, kuenda umwe makore 300 asati aberekwa muvambi kufamba ichi. Zvinosuruvarisa mazita avo vakarasika.

Period First - Ancient yakamira. It kubvira IV kusvika II remakore BC. protagonist Its aiva Chokwadi, muvambi - Zenon Kitiysky. Pamwe naye vaiva naCleanthes uye Chrysippus pamusoro Soli. Chikamu chokutanga stoicism anoonekwa kuti chete Greek, sezvo kunze kwenyika kudzidzisa haisati kubuda. Pakafa chipangamazano wake vavanodzidza paaivatambudza zvebhizimisi. Pakati pavo vane Diogenes weBhabhironi, Crates pamusoro Mallus, Antipater, uye zvichingodaro.

Average Standing, vechiStoiki kana vanozviti ndivanachamangwiza. Pane II kusvikira ini remakore BC. The protagonists nenguva - Posidonius uye Panaetius. Zviri Vamiririri ava Stoicism vakatanga kutakura ruzivo rwavo muRoma, apo paya naivowo vakava akakurumbira. School vakaramba kuva vadzidzi vavo - Dardan, Diodotus, Athenodorus nevamwe.

Late ukama - I kuti II remakore AD. Nguva iyi inonziwo Roman Stoicism, sezvo riri rehurumende iri mberi kukura dzidziso. The chikuru vamiririri Third Age vari Mark Avrely, Seneca uye Epictetus.

Dzimwe nguva masayendisiti voga uye wechina nguva kuvapo chikoro ichi, izvo zvichaita uwirirane wechitatu. In okupedzisira nyaya iyi anomiririrwa vechiStoiki Platonists uye Pythagoreans. The chikuru mutambi pano Filon Aleksandriysky.

On chii nheyo uhwu?

Kuti tinzwisise, sokutaura panguva vachenjeri vaifunga kuti vakanga muchivigiro vakuru nevamwe, tinofanira kunzwisisa chii chiri dzidziso stoicism. Dzidziso chikoro ichi, icho "patented" Zenon, yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu. Iri raiva pfungwa, wefizikisi uye magariro (ndiro kutevedzana). Kazhinji, yakaenzaniswa ane vachiita bindu, ndeipi pfungwa - nefenzi, wefizikisi - kukura muti, uye magariro - zvibereko. Saizvozvowo kune izvi yakakamurwa zvikamu zvitatu, uye zai - goko, mondo uye chena (ari anozivikanwa kutevedzana). Bhururu Zeno, naCleanthes, vaidavira kuti stoicism - kuti dzidziso zvakawanda zvakapararira, nokuti zvinofanira kusanganisira mamwe zvinoriumba. Akatanga nyaya dzakadai dialectic, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe, zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, dzidziso uye wefizikisi. Varume ivavo vakachenjera vakanga vakaramba kuva dzidziso pashure wendarama afa, akadzokera yepakutanga pfungwa rinosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu.

pfungwa

VechiStoiki pfungwa ine evasingatombonamati yokungotaura kumhedziso, mumwe nomumwe zvinofanira zvakarurama. Izvi pakarepo dzinoti kuti hazvigoni kuenzaniswa, sezvo dzidziso nomumwe vaivapo anoramba Kururama yapfuura mumwe. Pass Danho iri riri kudzidza zvakakodzera nokuti, zvaizoshamisa kubudikidza Chrysippus, nayo anochinja mamiriro mweya zvokunyama. Saka, isu funga zvishoma musoro mhedziso stoicism:

• Uye kana paine, zvino pane VA ndiko, saka, pane VA
• A uye B panguva iyoyowo havapo. Uye isu, saka, haagoni zviripo.
• Pane kana A kana B. In iyi, B vasipo. Somugumisiro, A ariko.

Physics

Kuti tinzwisise chikamu ichi, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti stoicism zvoruzivo - icho chinhu dzavasinei nadzo zvinhu. Zviri panyaya yakavakirwa zvose dzidziso dzake kuti kuramba manzwiro uye manzwiro, uye dzimwe kuratidzirwa chinhu chisingaoneki uye kutadza kunyatsonzwisiswa navanachiremba. Saka, zviri nevaStoiki nyika inoratidzika akaita muviri mupenyu, inova zvinhu chikamu zvinhu Mwari, uyo akasika zvinhu zvose izvi. Saka ane murume pachake, njodzi uko zvakafanorongwa noMusiki - iri akapoteredza ichi kunzi dombo. Nekuti chero kuramba zano Wokumusorosoro ndiye musoro uye kunyange mutongo. The vaidavira kuti kurutivi Implementation ayo chikwereti murume paanoonanazve chido kuti anova kukosha kwayo munzwa. Bvisai manzwiro munhu rinova simba uye akagadzirira kurwa. The simba ngaadudzire - munhu kusimba nyaya, izvo vatumwa naIshe.

tsika dzose Stoicism

Chokuita chinoumba nevaStoiki ichienzaniswa cosmopolitans. Vanoti mumwe munhu ari mugari zvakasikwa, uye vose vakaenzana pamberi Musiki wavo. On imwe Pfekenura vari vatenzi uye varanda, vaGiriki uye vaGiriki, varume nevakadzi. Ancient Stoicism anodzidzisa munhu wose kuti mutsa, anotungamirira kurudyi nzira, inoita kuzvidzora kukura uye kuvandudza. Muchiitiko chino, chero yakatsauka kubva dzidziso, tsika kuchiva kana zvivi chiito kuonekwa yakaderera. Kana zvimwe zvishoma akaratidza, muri Stoicism magariro zviri kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chiri waMosesi mumwe muzvizhinji pakati zvemamiriro zvinonyatsorehwa zvakagadzirwa. Uye avo vanobvuma zvakafanorongwa uyu shure kwake, uye uyo anoramba magumo ake, icho runokukura.

Batanidza ruzivo urwu

Pataipedza akatarira vose zvinhu hunoumba stoicism, muchidimbu muirondedzere. Unofanira kurarama tichienderana zvakasikwa, tisingazvikuvadzi vamwe uye pachako. Zvinofanira pasi mugumo wavo, enda aibuda, nekuti zvose ane chikonzero. Inofanira kuramba asingasaruri, simba uye ushingi. Munhu anofanira kugara takagadzirira kukurira chipingamupinyi kuti ave nani uye kubatsira kuti nyika uye kuna Mwari. Stoicism uyewo maitiro nhema zvido zvayo. Izvo pane ina: kusemburwa, mafaro, kutya uye ruchiva. Dzivisa rubatsiro rwakadaro "O Logos" - kutonga kwakarurama.

Ancient Standing yaro kukura

In emakore iwayo, kana Stoicism chete rakatangira muGirisi yekare, iye akapfeka zvakawanda yokungotaura pane hunobatsira. vazivi vose vatsigiri vake, kusanganisira muvambi pachake, pored pamusoro pakusikwa dzidziso, achinyora nheyo chikoro chitsva. Vakabudirira, sezvo tinogona kuchengeta nhasi. Paiva chaizvo inferences zvimwe zvinhu mujinga mu "wefizikisi" chikamu, uyewo zvabuda izvo headlined shoko "tsika". Maererano Greek vakachenjera vekare, musimboti Stoicism iri kusawirirana. Izvi zvakajeka zvinoratidza zvakabudiswa kuti kuonekwa nomusoro. Pamwe ndiyo nevaStoiki vari vanyori yakakurumbira wokuti "nharo akaberekwa chokwadi."

Middle pavaipfuura budiriro

Pakutanga kwezana shanduko eras, apo Greece akava muhutongi simba uye simba kuRoma, vaGiriki ruzivo vakava midziyo Empire. VaRoma, uyewo, akasarudza kubata nzira, nokuti chikoro ichi kwepfungwa Haasisina kungova yokungotaura. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvose nezivo nevaGiriki, akatanga kushandiswa uchidzidzira. It anotora echiGiriki vakachenjera dzakakurudzira vakawanda nemauto vehondo reRoma. Mashoko avo ave rutsigiro uye rutsigiro vanhu vanenge varasikirwa muupenyu. Uyezve, kwemakore vechiStoiki saka ajaira vanhu, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma Vachaoma zviso (asi kwete zvakakwana) pakati vanatenzi uye varanda uyewo pakati pavo. Muchidimbu, weRoma muvanhu kuva kuda, anonzwisisa uye vakadzidza.

uzivi Roman. Stoicism aro okupedzisira makore okurarama

Pakutanga kwezana kwenguva itsva uyu atova munhu mhando yechitendero uye sanyorwa bumbiro upenyu zvose Roman. The Kufunga yose stoicism, ayo kumhedziso, mitemo uye madimikira kare. In upenyu mudzidziso pfungwa huru echiGiriki vakachenjera - the materiality zvose uye vose, kusasarura uye dombo pasi. Asi pano zvakafanira kusimbisa kuti zviri munyika panguva ino anotanga kuparadzira chiKristu, izvo zvishoma nezvishoma anokunda dzose Europe uye Asia. Uye chii zvakaitika hweRoma? Nokuti Romans, Stoicism - ndizvozvo zvose. Dzidziso iyi ndiyo upenyu hwavo, kutenda kwavo. Vaidavira kuti vanhu vanofanira kuva pedyo zvisikwa. Anosungwa kuramba inotonhorera, akadzikama chaizvo uye kwakasara. Asi nepfungwa huru, zvakauyiswa Romans pachavo, inobva zivo vaGiriki - zvakaoma pamwe kutya rufu. Maererano navo, munhu akabata ainge ichi, ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikamu zvose.

Zvakakurukurwa kukura Stoicism muRoma

Zviri pachena, kana tiri kutaura nezvorufu, pamusoro zvavanotya, zvino chiratidzo pachena kuti uzivi anotendeukira dzidziso. Chechipiri, sezvamunoziva, vanhu vanotya, uye saka kuteerera nevanhu vose, kutevera mutemo ose mirawo. Mumakore achangopfuura, weRoma stoicism awana kwete chete chikero hombe, asi vavariro tariro. For Vamiririri ayo (uye raiva ruzhinji vepamusoro vanhu) nyaya akanga asisiri nokuzvidzora kukura uye kubatana hunhu, uye kuzviisa pasi zvizere padombo, kusvikira kurasikirwa kwavo "I". Panyaya iyi, chikuru chinangwa chaiva kukurira kutya rufu. Ndinoreva, vose chakagadzwa kuti chero nguva harigoni uye hapana kunetseka pamusoro. Kunyanya zvakajeka motifs dzakadaro inoonekwa mabasa Epictetus. Ivo midzi pashure Stoicism akatora pachake Mark Avrely - Emperor masimba makuru.

Contact nechiKristu

Mumakore ayo kuvapo mangwanani, chitendero chechiKristu haisi ose enyika yose yakazviwanira vateveri. Kwenguva refu nguva marudzi havagoni kuramba zvitendero yekare, tsika yemadzitateguru avo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vakanga kwakabatana chiKristu (hunyambiri), naMatthew iri kuchengetwa mune hweRoma. Kubva muzana remakore rokutanga AD rehurumende pamwero vakatanga kupararira Stoicism. Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa ne mitemo mitsva, rwakazokura madikanwa kuti munhu wose. On nokusakendenga uye kubatana pamwe hunhu, vaRoma chaizvoizvo kupenga, asi nokukurumidza meso avo vanotanga kuchinja pasi pokudzora kutenda chitsva. Kwenguva yakareba vanhu, kusanganisira raitonga youmambo, haana kugamuchira chiKristu. Makore akapfuura, uye nheyo edzidziso kwedzidziso vava nopindirana. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti chiKristu panguva iyoyo aiva gotwe chitendero, inoda imwe hwaro, izvozvo akakwanisa kupa stoicism. Zvino unogona kuronda zvakajeka ukama ichi. Pashure pezvose, zvose pfungwa, tinoudzwa kuti hatingagoni nekambani, haagoni zvorudzi zvakaipa, zvakaipa, kutya. Vose chiKristu uye Stoicism - dzidziso kunaka, zivo, simba, uye kuti Ishe anoshanda zvinoshamisa, uye mumwe nomumwe wedu anofanira kuva pasi dare urongwa.

Gangaidzo uye zviitiko

It zvinowanzoitika kuti imwe dzidziso, izvo runosvika kwemazana emakore, saka, chinoitwa nevanhu vakasiyana, mugumisiro rinoumbwa vamwe vaite uye absurdities. Raiva vechiStoiki uzivi yakadaro. Dzidziso iyi akaberekwa IV remakore BC uye zvakavapo ipapo makore 600. Panguva budiriro hakuna chete ari kuchinja kubva appatizma kuti kusava netariro. At mwoyo dambudziko ndechokuti vanhu panguva iyoyo pasi paMwari wake plan, asi panguva imwe chete nechomukati anoramba akasununguka. Kuti wokusagadzikana kwepfungwa akaparidza nevaStoiki zhinji muGirisi uye muRoma. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano vanodavira kuti uyu ndiye mumwe mapato ari musoro dzidziso. The mhedziso rokutanga zvakarurama inosiya wechipiri ndiEzekieri.

Stoicism nhasi

Kusangana remakore rechi21 hwokufananidzira vechiStoiki kwakaoma zvisingaiti. The dzidziso dzidziso yekare kunzwisisa kana vatsvakurudzi vari kuita pedyo ichi, kana vafundisi, vateveri zvitendero vakawanda Eastern (pane zvakawanda zvakafanana ne muuzivi Stoicism). Mumwe nomumwe wedu ari muduku anogona kuwana ruzivo nevanyori vekare Bhaibheri. In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange mitemo zvikuru matsvene rakavakirwa rekare Roman dzidziso. Asi dzimwe nguva vanhu nguva yedu ichiri kunzi nevaStoiki. Izvi zvinoitika kana munhu anopa chose, anova fatalist anorasikirwa kutenda zvose iwe nezvaanogona. vanhu ava - hwokufananidzira nokusakendenga, uyo kusakoshesa chero monyorora wematambudziko, chero kurasikirwa kana kuziva. Havana kunakidzwa chaizvo upenyu uye kwete kunetseka kana pane chimwe chinhu chinotyisa kwazvo.

afterword

Stoicism uzivi - iri sainzi, iyo yave iripo kwemazana emakore uye chamuita zhinji ruzivo uye nedzidziso yakabuda kuMiddle Ages. The vaidavira kuti zvinhu zviri zvinhu, uye mumwe nomumwe muchitokisi wayo, nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana ine magumo ayo uye chinangwa. Nekuti chero zvazvingava hazvibviri kudzivisa zvinhu kuitika. Zvose zvinoitika ine chikonzero, uye vanhu kurarama maererano zvakasikwa, pamwe mberi kwoupenyu ezvinhu, kuchava kukodzera chikamu zvakasikwa. Chete kuti anodzivisa zvose izvi zvichava vasingafari. Nokuti mugumo wake chero zvazvingava zvinofanira, uye kwete kubva pairi. Nokuti munhu wose ane sarudzo. Munhu anogona kuti urarame zvakafanorongwa uye vanogara vachifara uye muchiyeverwa kusvikira parufu rwake. Kana kushora zvose, vanozvishandura nevamwe vasingafari.