South Kuril zvitsuwa: kare, chavanopinda

The cheni zvitsuwa pakati Kamchatka uye Hokkaido, asi convex chinhu chakakombama Munotatamura pakati kuGungwa Okhotsk uye Pacific Ocean, pamuganhu Russia uye Japan ndivo South Kuril Islands - boka Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir uye Iturup. nzvimbo idzi anodenhwa vavakidzani vedu, izvo kunyange zvaisanganisira navo Japanese Prefecture pamusoro Hokkaido. Nekuti nzvimbo idzi huru zveupfumi uye inokosha kukosha, kurwa nokuti Southern Kuril Islands kunoenderera mberi kwemakore akawanda.

jogirafi

Shikotan chitsuwa chiri pamusoro chete Latitude sezvo guta Sochi riri subtropical, uye zvakawanda ezasi - panguva Latitude pamusoro Anapa. Zvisinei, okunze kudenga hakuna kumbova uye haasi kutarisirwa. South Kuril Islands hwagara vaiva Kure North, asi haagoni kunyunyuta nomwaka peArctic ekunze. Pano yechando munyoro zvikuru, warm yechirimo kwete kwazvo. tembiricha ichi, kana muna February - ari coldest mwedzi - inoratidza lämpömittari Kashoma pasi -5 Celsius, kunyange yakakwirira mwando gungwa hurumende kuwana inokanganisa. Monsoon Continental okunze ari yekudyidzana achinja pedyo kuvapo Pacific sezvo simba nezvahunoita haidereri pedyo Arctic. Kana hwokumusoro Kuril Islands muzhizha 10, paavhareji, South Kuril Islands iri kuramba kudziyirwa kusvika +18. Sochi haisi Chokwadi, asi kwete Anadyr.

Ensimatic chinhu chakakombama zviwi iri kumucheto ndiro Okhotsk pamusoro subduction mapazi apo yePacific ndiro inoguma. Nokuti chinonyanya chikamu South Kuril Islands akafukidzwa nemakomo, pachitsuwa Atlasova soro yepamusorosoro - mamita anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Kune anoputika, nekuti vose Kurile Islands vavete Pacific kuputika chindori moto. Pane matunhu chaizvo uye zvizivikanwe nemichina basa. Matatu matanhatu matanhatu anoputika muna Kuril Islands vari vasere zvinoda kuramba rucherechedzo. Kudengenyeka vari kushanda kugara, uye ipapo anouya nengozi pakukura Tsunami hwenyika. Saka, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro akaramba uye zvakasimba kukanganiswa njodzi iyi. Kunyanya guru Tsunami vaiva 1952, 1994 uye 2006.

Resources, Flora

Negore romumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi uye munharaunda Zvitsuwa zviri Akaongorora matura mafuta, negasi, mekuri, akawandisa dzisiri ferrous simbi. Somuenzaniso, pedyo rinoputika Curly ane nyika yakapfuma kuvazivisa deposits ose rhenium. Tazhe Kuril zvitsuwa wokumaodzanyemba inozivikanwa remigodhi chizvarwa nesurferi. Pano, mukuru zvinhu goridhe - matani 1867, uye sirivha yakawanda - matani 9284, titanium matani anoda kusvika mamiriyoni makumi mana, simbi - matani maviri namakumi manomwe navatatu mamiriyoni. Zvino kukura chicherwa zvinhu kumirira nguva nani, vari vashoma kwazvo munharaunda, asi nzvimbo yakaita Southern Sakhalin. Kuril Islands vose kunogona kuonekwa sechinhu nyika zvekuvaka imba yokuchengetera zvinhu kuti zuva kuchinaya. zviviri Kwazvo of Kuril Islands chete ndivo navigable gore rose, nekuti haina -oma. chitsuwa ichi South Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, uye pakati pavo - Kwazvo Catherine Vries.

Kunze zvicherwa, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kuti muri vanhu vose. Flora ichi uye Fauna of Kuril Islands. It dzinosiyana zvikuru kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, sezvo kureba kwavo kukuru zvakakwana. In kuchamhembe Kuril Islands rakanyatsojeka sparse zvinomera, uye kumaodzanyemba - coniferous dondo zvinoshamisa Sakhalin zvomusiperesi, Kurile larch, spruce Ajan. Mukuwedzera, miti uye yakafara-leaved pachiwi kufukidza makomo nezvikomo havagovani kwazvo kushingaira Curly nemiouki, elm uye Maple miti, mizambiringa kalopanax, hydrangea, Actinidia, lemongrass, mazambiringa emusango uye zvakawanda. Kunyange magnolia musi Kushanire ipapo - chete zvikara kwemarudzi obovate magnolia. dzakawanda miti akajeka ari South Kuril Islands (nzvimbo photos zvakabatanidzwa) - munhu Kuril bambu, ane mumatenhere kwegore risingapindiki kuvanda kubva pamberi mujinga makomo uye dondo kumicheto. Grass pano nokuda munyoro uye nyorovera okunze yakakwirira kwazvo uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Vakawanda michero anogona zvikaramba pamusoro commercial pamwero: lingonberry, crowberry, honeysuckle, blueberries nevamwe vazhinji.

Animals, shiri nehove

The Kuril Islands (kunyanya zvakasiyana panyaya iyi nechokuchamhembe) brown nebere nehasha kufanana muna Kamchatka. In rwezasi, zvaizova sezvaakanga zvikuru, kana kwete kuvapo Russian echiuto. Zviwi zvidiki, bere pedyo zvitundumuseremusere kunyatsoomerera kurarama. Asi kunyanya rwezasi mugove makava, nokuti ikoko kwazvo chikafu. nemakonzo Small - nhamba huru uye dzakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu, panewo mashoma chaizvo. Kubva nyika mhuka dziri pano zvina yokuzviparadzanisa: zviremwaremwa (brown-refu rine nzeve chiremwaremwa, Myotis), tsuro, mbeva makonzo, zvikara (makava, mabheya, kunyange pane shoma, mink uye Sable).

Of zvomumvura mhuka dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mvura chitsuwa mhenyu gungwa otters, Anthurium (a mhando chisimbiso vazviparadzanise nevamwe), gungwa shumba uye gungwa mhuru. A zvishoma kubva kumhenderekedzo pane zvakawanda cetaceans - Dolphins, muurayi hove huru, hove huru, hove huru, dzisingaoneki hove huru uye floaters hwokuchamhembe. Accumulations pakati fork zvisimbiso, gungwa shumba zvinochengetwa kumativi Muganhu Kuril Islands, kunyanya yakawanda navo Iturup Island. Mumwaka unogona kuona mapoka fur seal, Bearded zvisimbiso, iwo nemicherechedzo, impellers. kushongedzwa zvomugungwa - gungwa otters. mbava Precious rakanga vava kuda kutsakatika munguva ichangopfuura chaizvo kare. Iye zvino zvinhu zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienderana pamwe otters. Hove iri yegungwa iri zvikuru zvoupfumi kukosha, asi pane zvakawanda uye magakanje, uye clams, uye Squid, uye gungwa wemagaka, zvose crustaceans, matope. Vagari of South Kuril Islands dzinowanzotsigi- inogarwa zvomugungwa kugadzirwa. Kazhinji, nzvimbo iyi inogona kunzi pasina kupamhidzira chimwe chezvinhu zvibereko nzvimbo dzinofamba mumakungwa.

Colonial shiri vanoumba zvakawanda uye yevedza rookeries. It fulmars, petrels, cormorants, gulls siyana, kittiwake, Guillemot, deadlocks, uye vazhinji, vakawanda. Vazhinji pano uye Red Book, isingawanzowanikwi - albatrosses uye petrels, Mandarin Dhadha, nekondo, makondo, gondo, Rukodzi runonzi norukodzi, Merlin, tsvuku-korona Cranes uye snipe, namazizi. Overwinter muna Kuriles kubva Dhadha - mallard, Teal, Gogol, swans, mergansers, gungwa makondo. Chokwadi, zvizhinji zvavo uye shiri uye cuckoos. Chete pamusoro Iturup anopfuura mazana maviri eshiri, iyo zana rimwe - nesting. The Kuril kuchengeterwa kurarama mhando makumi masere nemana kubva akanyorwa muna Red Book.

History: nemanomwe Century

Kuril Islands nharo haana kuonekwa zuro. Vasati vasvika vokuJapan uye Russian Ainu taigara pano, avo akasangana zvitsva vanhu neshoko "kuru", iro raireva kuti - vanhu. Russian akatora shoko, nokusetsa dzavo uye akadana zvemo "Kuriles". Saka zita yose yezvitsuwa iyi. VokuJapan akaita map Sakhalin uye Kuriles zvose vokutanga. Izvi zvakaitika muna muna 1644. Zvisinei, Kuril Islands nharo kunyange zvino, nokuti gore asati dzimwe mepu nedunhu zvakaitwa Dutch, rinotungamirirwa de Vries.

Nyika yave inorondedzerwa. Asi hazvina kururama. Freese, zita rakapiwa kwavari akawana akakamanikana, Iturup anonzi kwakadziva kumabvazuva Hokkaido, uye Urup vaiona chikamu North America. On Urup izvozvo paakagadzwa muchinjikwa, uye nyika yose iri akazivisa enzvimbo Netherlands. A Russian akauya pano muna 1646 pamwe rwendo kubva Ivan Moskvitina, uye Cossack Kolobov pamwe kusetsa zita Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic akazoudza rina mavara mavara pamusoro Bearded Ainu mhenyu chitsuwa. Zvadaro, ruzivo rwakakura zvishoma akabva Kamchatka rwendo Vladimir Atlasova muna 1697.

namasere remakore

Nhoroondo South Kuril Islands rinoti Russian zvechokwadi akasvika idzi muna 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks vakamukira, akauraya mabhosi, uye ipapo vakafunga nani uye takasarudza awane kukanganwirwa kana kuparara. Saka rwendo vakaungana kuti kufora munyika itsva dzisina. Daniel uye Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky aine yokuzviparadzanisa muna August 1711 yakawira pamusoro kuchamhembe muzvitsuwa uye Paramushir Shumshu. rwendo urwu zvakapa ruzivo rutsva pamusoro yose akatevedzana zviwi kusanganisira Hokkaido. Panyaya iyi, muna 1719-M Peter Mukuru akarayira ubanguranyika Ivanu Evreinovu uye Fedor Luzhin, nokuedza rose siyana zvitsuwa iyo akanzi Russian ndima, kusanganisira chitsuwa Simushir. Asi Ainu, Chokwadi, kuteerera uye uende pasi pokutonga Russian chamber haana kuda. Chete muna 1778 Antipin uye Shabalin akanyengetedza Kuril madzinza uye vagari weRussia kwapfuura vanenge zviuru zviviri vanhu vane Iturup, Kunashir uye kunyange Hokkaido. Uye 1779th Catherine II chirevo kusunungura matsva nyaya yacho yose kumabvazuva kubva chero mitero. Uye kunyange zvino kurwisana Japanese akatanga. Vakatosvika kurambidzwa kupinda Russian Kunashir, Iturup uye Hokkaido.

Real rokudzora Russian Hakuna, asi mazita zvakabvumirwa nyika. Uye Hokkaido pasinei wokuva mundima yayo guta Japanese hwakanyorwa ndeve Russia. VokuJapan vakaitawo kumaodzanyemba Kurils vari vazhinji uye kakawanda, nokuti idzo vomunzvimbo vaivavenga zvakanaka. Havamutswi muine simba kuna Ainu, asi kukuvadza shoma kune vanopinda nechisimba: chikepe koRwizi, boka revarwi vanorinda kupiswa. Muna 1799, Japan zvave kudzivirirwa Iturup uye Kunashir rakarongwa. Kunyange zvazvo vehove Russian akagaramo imwe nguva kare - anenge makore 1785-87, - vokuJapan crudely yavo vakakumbira kusiya chitsuwa uye vakaparadza zvose uchapupu hwokuvapo Russian munyika ino. Nhoroondo South Kuril Islands akanga vatotanga kuwana chivande, asi hapana aiziva panguva sei zvichava refu-achimhanya. Nokuti kwemakore makumi manomwe okutanga - kusvikira 1778 - the Russian weJapanese havatombotendi yaisangana Kuriles. Musangano kwakaitika Hokkaido, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga isati aizokundwa Japan. VokuJapan vakasvika kuchinjanisa pamwe Ainu, uye pano ndiyo Russian hove hove. Chokwadi, Samurai vashatiriswa, akatanga kuzunungusa chombo. Catherine akatumira nedzenyu basa kuJapan, asi kukurukura akanga atova kubudirira.

Namapfumbamwe remakore - remakore zvichemo

Muna 1805, kutengeserana Nhaurirano kuramba kuedza yakakurumbira Nikolai Rezanov, uyo akasvika muna Nagasaki uye akakundikana. Vasingagoni kumira kunyadziswa, raakandiita midziyo maviri kuti mauto rwendo kuna Southern Kuril Islands - nharo nenharaunda rokutambudzikira. Zvakaguma ari kutsiva zvakanaka kuparadzwa mafekitari Russian, zvinopiswa nemidziyo uye akadzinga (avo vakapunyuka) varedzi. Vanoverengeka Japanese mafekitari dzakanga dzaparadzwa, akapisa mumusha Iturup. Russian-Japanese ukama vauya yokupedzisira pre-hondo nechiso.

Chete muna 1855 rakaitirwa wokutanga mutaro chairo mundima. Northern Islands - Russia, South - Japan. Plus joini Sakhalin. Zviri tsitsi zvakanga kupa vapfumi Fisheries of South Kuril Islands, Kunashir - kunyanya. Etorofu, Habomai uye Shikotan ivaiwo Japanese. Uye muna 1875, Russia yakahwina kodzero kuti apedze nhaka Sakhalin nokuda cession vose, pasina chaakasiya Japan, mukuru Kuril Islands.

Wamakumi maviri remakore: kukurirwa kukunda

The Russian-Japanese Hondo 1905 Russia, pasinei kushandiswa heroism akakodzera nziyo sevatsvaki vemapuranga uye gunboats muhondo dzisakarurama, akundwa, akarasikirwa pamwe hondo uye hafu Sakhalin - rwezasi, chinokosha zvikuru. Asi muna February 1945, apo kukunda Nazi Germany yakanga kare zvakafanorongwa, Soviet Union akaita chimiro Great Britain neUnited States, achaita kuhwina, uye Japan, kana tichadzokerazve nharaunda zvaiva Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, ari Kuril Islands. Vatsigiri akavimbisa, uye muna July 1945 Soviet Union dzakatsigira kuzvipira wayo. Nechekare pakutanga September, ari Kuril Islands vakanga zvakazara kubatikana nemauto eSoviet. Uye muna February 1946, iye chirevo pamusoro paumbwe South Sakhalin nharaunda, izvo zvinosanganisira Kuril Islands uye zvakazara, rwakazokura chikamu Khabarovsk Territory. Saka pakanga kudzoka South Sakhalin uye Kuril Islands Russia.

Japan akamanikidzwa kusaina runyararo chibvumirano muna 1951, iyo yakati kuti haisi akaronga uye havazobvumirwi kodzero dzevanhu, mazita okuremekedza uye kutaura noruremekedzo kuti Kuril Islands. Uye muna 1956, Soviet Union uye Japan akagadzirira nemasaini Moscow Declaration, izvo zvinoratidza kuguma hondo pakati States. Sechiratidzo yokufarirwa Soviet Union yakabvuma uchatamisa zviviri Japan pazvitsuwa Kuriles: Shikotan uye Habomai, asi vokuJapan vakaramba kuvagamuchira nokuti vari maruramiro mamwe wokumaodzanyemba muzvitsuwa - Iturup uye Kunashir - usaneta. chakabata muUnited States yacho zvinhu pano zvakare, kana kutyisidzirwa zvakaitika kusaina kuti gwaro iri harisi kudzokera kuchitsuwa Japanese pakati Okinawa. Ndokusaka kusvikira zvino South Kuril Islands - nharo mundima.

The Age nhasi, maviri okutanga

Nhasi, dambudziko iri South Kuril Islands vachiri kushanda, pasinei nokuti kwenguva amire upenyu norugare akanyorova munzvimbo yose. With Japan Russia anoshandira achishingaira zvakakwana, asi kubvira nguva nenguva hurukuro pamusoro Kuril Islands nenhumbi rinobuda. Muna 2003 iye chakagamuchirwa Russian-Japanese Action Plan iri pamwe pakati penyika mbiri. Coal uye pasvikira vakatsinhanisa kushanyira, akamisa vakawanda munzanga Russian-Japanese ushamwari yakasiyana siyana. Zvisinei, nguva dzose chete dzinofunga dzinoturwa nemauto eJapan, asi haana kugamuchirwa Russian.

League yokubatana nekuda kudzoka ndima - nhume kubva NGO, zvakakurumbira Japan, wakati ari 2006 muna Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Zvisinei, muna 2012, Japan akabvisa rokuti "pamutemo basa" pachinhu Russia munyaya chokuita Kuril Islands uye Sakhalin. Uye Kuril Islands vakaramba kukura zvinhu kuti yeUnited purogiramu kutanga nharaunda, kuwedzera uwandu mari, pane yakasimbiswa kuti mapazi nevateresi incentives, chitsuwa chiri ashanyirwa soro mamiriro machinda munyika.

Amenities dambudziko

Ungarega sei kugamuchira magwaro yakasainwa muna February 1945 Yalta, apo musangano iri pokuita nyika Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa vakasarudza njodzi Kuril Islands uye Sakhalin, uyo vachadzokera Russia pakarepo pashure kukunda Japan? Uye Japan haana asaina Potsdam Declaration pashure nokusaina rokuti oruoko kusarenda? Akasaina pashure zvose. Uye zvinoita sokuti zvakajeka kuti uchangamire racho kungogumira kuchitsuwa Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku uye Honshu. Zvose! September Second 1945 Gwaro iri chasainwa Japan, saka, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ikoko kunoreva, vakanga nekusimbiswa.

Uye wechisere September 1951 ine runyararo chibvumirano muSan Francisco akanga yakasainwa, apo iye ari kunyora zvasiya zvose kutaura kuna Kuril Islands uye Sakhalin chitsuwa kusvika pedyo zvitsuwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti uchangamire kwayo pamusoro munharaunda idzi, vakawana pashure pehondo 1905 Russian-Japanese, usingachashandi. Kunyange pano US akaita nokunyengera, achiwedzera runonyengera chaizvo muvaravara, nokuda izvo Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia uye chibvumirano haisi vakasaina. nyika iyi ndiyo samagariro shoko akasaichengeta, sezvo pane nguva dzose kutaura ari mamiriro enyika ayo 'hongu', asi vamwe mhinduro izvi zvicharevei - ". kwete" US akasiya loophole iri sungano Japan, iro zvishoma yakananzvwa ronda uye muchisunungura, saka zvakaitika zvikuru, bepa Cranes mushure kubhomba yenyukireya, akaita unovandudzwa nevanodzidza nezvenhamba.

nharo

Vaiva sezvinotevera:

1. 1855, Chibvumirano Shimoda Kuriles akaita yemadzitateguru nzvimbo pamusoro Japan.

2. Mukuru mukuru chinzvimbo Japan ndechokuti Chishima zvitsuwa haana kuiswawo pakati Kuril cheni, saka Japan haana kusiyiwa navo, akasaina kondirakiti muSan Francisco.

3. The Soviet Union haana kusaina chibvumirano muSan Francisco.

Saka muJapan miganhu dzinofunga dzinoturwa kuna Southern Kuril muzvitsuwa Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir uye Iturup, ane nzvimbo zvachose ndiko 5175 mativi makiromita, uye vanonzi mundima kuchamhembe, kuva Japan. Kusiyana Russia akati nezuva rokutanga zvokuti hondo Russian-Japanese chikwereti Chibvumirano Shimoda, pazuva rechipiri pfungwa - kuti Japan akasaina rondedzero pamusoro kuguma hondo, izvo, Inter Alia, akataura kuti zviwi maviri - Habomai uye Shikotan - USSR yakagadzirira kubhadhara mushure kusaina imwe runyararo chibvumirano. On wechitatu pfungwa Russia vanobvumirana: Zvirokwazvo, Soviet Union haana nemasaini bepa ane pusa kunatsiridza. Asi nyika sezvo vakadaro asipo, saka kuti isu tirambe pamusoro.

Nokufamba kwenguva yake USSR nehurukuro pamusoro miganhu dzinofunga aizotungamirira zvimwe zvakavaomera, asi kana akadonha, Japan aiva noushingi. Zvisinei, sezviri pachena, uye ikozvino proclivities izvi pasina. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo muna 2004 Gurukota Affairs Foreign akati kuti akabvuma kutaura dzinodiwa Japan, mumwe chinhu zvakajeka: hapana shanduko iri Kuril Islands hazvigoni kuitika.