Rutherford yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu Rutherford womuenzaniso

Zvakawanikwa mumunda mabhomba mamiriro aiva danho rinokosha kukura wefizikisi. Great kukosha kwaiva Rutherford wokuenzanisira. Atomu sezvo kwegadziriro nezvimedu uye yenhengo dzayo kunge akadzidza kunyatsotevera uye zvizere. Izvi zvakaita kuti abudirire pakagadzwa imwe sayenzi wefizikisi yenyukireya.

Pfungwa dzekare nemamiriro nyaya

Nokufungidzira kwokuti akapoteredza miviri akaumbwa nezvimedu tuduku kuti vakasikwa dzekare. Nevafungi ipapo atomu achimiririrwa duku indivisible tudonhwe chero fuma. Vaiti hapana ari muchadenga iduku kukura pane imwe atomu. maonero akadaro dzaidzidziswa masayendisiti makuru Greek uye vazivi - Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus. Hypotheses nevafungi izvi nhasi vakabatana pasi zita "antiikki atomism."

Ages zvinomiririra

Kare apfuura, uye kuMiddle Ages vaivawo masayendisiti airatidza zvekungofungira siyana nemamiriro yacho. Zvisinei, zviri predominance dzechitendero uye dzouzivi maonero simba chechi iri yenhoroondo iri chipande chipi kuedza kudzvinyirira uye zvinotarisirwa pfungwa dzevanhu kuti pfuma zvakawanikwa nesayenzi uye zvakawanikwa. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, romuMiddle dare rechechi venga chaizvo vaiita nevamiririri venyika nesayenzi panguva. Zvazvinosarira kutaura kuti mazuva iwayo wakajeka mupfungwa wakabva yekare Pfungwa indivisibility pakati atomu.

Studies makore 18-19

remakore rechi18 kwakaratidzwa mikuru matongo mumunda zvepakutanga maumbirwo nyaya. Kunonyanya kukonzerwa kuitwa nemasayendisiti akadai Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov uye Dzhon Dalton. Pasina mumwe, vakakwanisa kuratidza kuti maatomu zvechokwadi dziripo. Asi mubvunzo wavo womukati maumbirwo rakavhurika. Mugumo muzana remakore rechi18 aizivikanwa kwakadaro chiitiko chinokosha munyika mune zvesayenzi, sezvo kuwanikwa D. I. Mendeleevym Periodic table kwemakemikari zvinhu. Yakanga zvechokwadi budiriro simba kuti nguva kusimudza chifukidziro pamusoro kunzwisisa kuti maatomu zvose zvakafanana hunhu, kuti vari chokuita nomumwe. Gare gare, muzana remakore rechi19, rimwe danho rinokosha kune kuparara sechivako atomu rakanga uchapupu hwokuti Zvinoumba umwe wavo aripo Erekitironi. Basa masayendisiti iyi nguva yakabereka rakaorera pasi nokuda Zvakawanikwa remakore rechi20.

kuedza Thomson

British yefizikisi Dzhon Tomson muna 1897 kwakaratidza kuti maumbirwo maatomu zvinosanganisira maerekitironi ane kunaka mutariri. Panguva iyi, mumwe pfungwa yenhema kuti atomu - divisibility kukutadzisa chero fuma pakupedzisira kuparadzwa. Sei Thomson akakwanisa kuvapo Erekitironi? Musayendisiti kuisa kuedza vake zvikuru rarefied magasi electrodes uye Magetsi akapfuura. Mugumisiro ndiyo cathode mwaranzi. Thomson vainyatsoongorora unhu hwavo uye vakawana kuti vari norwizi mhosva inoramba kuti kufamba ichimhanya zvikuru. Scientific Anokwanisa ngaaverenge vakawanda nezvimedu izvi ravo rose. Naiyewo vakawana kuti havagoni kuva dzikwanise kwazvakarerekera nezvimedu, sezvo wemagetsi vebasa - ndiyo hwaro hunhu hwavo. Saka vakanga vari maerekitironi anosvinurira. Thomson ndiyewo musiki wenyika yokutanga mabhomba maumbirwo womuenzaniso. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, atomu - a clot chokwadi mhosva yacho, izvo anoparadzirwa noruvara nhingi mhosva maerekitironi. Izvi anotsanangura maonero chivako yokusava maatomu, sezvo pakatarisana mhosva kudzima mumwe kunze. Kuedza Dzhona Tomsona akava chaizvo kukosha kuti mberi kudzidza maumbirwo atomu. Zvisinei, mibvunzo yakawanda yakaramba isina kupindurwa.

tsvakurudza Rutherford

Thomson akaziva kuvapo Erekitironi, asi akanga asingagoni kuwana iri atomu chokwadi kuremedzwa inoramba. Ernest Rutherford akaruramisa chikanganiso ichi muna 1911. Panguva kuedza kudzidza basa Arifa-inoramba iri magasi, vakaona kuti pane inoramba iri atomu, kuti chokwadi mhosva. Rutherford akawana kuti nokuisa danda kubudikidza gasi kana kuburikidza marata ndiro chinhu unopinza kutsauka ane zviduku mari nezvimedu panzira kufamba. Ivo chete akakanda shure. The musayendisiti akaziva kuti maitiro uyu wakakodzera kuti kurwisana pamwe chokwadi mhosva inoramba. kuedza kwakadaro kuchaita kuti yefizikisi kuti WOKUTEVEDZERA nemamiriro Rutherford atomu.

yemapuraneti womuenzaniso

Zvino Yedzidzo siyanei zvekungofungira zvinoitwa John Thomson. Siyana yemashoko simbi uye maatomu dzavo. Zvakaitika Rutherford akamutendera kuti uvhure zvachose matsva mumunda uyu. Discovery musayendisiti aiva inokosha nokuda pakuzadzisa wefizikisi. Rutherford womuenzaniso rinotsanangura atomu sechinhu musimboti dzinongoda nechepakati uye kutamira kumativi maerekitironi. Chinoumba rine zvakanaka mutariri uye maerekitironi - kunaka. Model atomu Rutherford vaizvitora maerekitironi kutenderera chinoumba pane zvimwe trajectories - kutenderera. Kuvhura musayendisiti kwakabatsira tsanangura chikonzero kutsaudzira yeAlpha nezvimedu uye aiva riwedzere kuti kukura renyukireya dzidziso atomu. In mabhomba Rutherford wokuenzanisira muenzaniso rakaramba pakati dzomuchadenga zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri akapoteredza zuva. Zviri zvakarurama chaizvo uye yakajeka kuenzanisa. Naizvozvo Rutherford womuenzaniso atomu iyo chinokambaira pairi ichitenderera musimboti, ainzi yemapuraneti.

Basa Niels Bohr

Makore maviri gare gare, Danish yefizikisi Niels Bohr akaedza nokubatanidza Dzidziso sechivako atomu pamwe quantum ehupfumi nechiedza. muenzaniso Rutherford renyukireya zviri atomu akaiswa masayendisiti hwaro ake matsva. In Bohr kubvuma maatomu Anoisa chinoumba mu dzeraundi kutenderera. Kwakadaro sangano trajectory kunotungamirira kuti kumhanyisa pamusoro maerekitironi. Uyewo, Coulomb kudyidzana kwezvinhu zvacho aya pakati atomu achabatsirwa zvakasikwa uye simba rakawanda kuti arambe aine spatial remagetsi munda kunobva inofamba pakati maerekitironi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu vanofanira nokusingaperi kuwira musimboti. Asi izvi hazvina kuitika, zvichiratidza kuti mukuru pakusimba kwemaatomu sezvo hurongwa. Niels Bohr akaziva kuti mitemo dzenhoroondo wethermodynamics, rakarondedzerwa Maxwell kuti equations hadzishandi mu subatomic ezvinhu. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti vakabuda kuunza mitemo mitsva kuti vaizochengeta zvepakutanga nezvimedu munyika.

Bohr kuti postulates

Kunonyanya kukonzerwa kuti paiva muenzaniso Rutherford, atomu uye hurongwa aro zvakanaka kudzidza, Niels Bohr akakwanisa kuswedera kusikwa postulates ayo. The rokutanga rinoti izvi kuti atomu ane chirwere mira umo haina kuchinja ayo simba nokudaro maerekitironi kutama mukutenderera muchadenga pasina kuchinja trajectory kwayo. Maererano kechipiri uchapupu, kuchinja ane Erekitironi kubva muchadenga mumwe kunoitika zindoga kana simba Absorção de Água. Zviri akaenzana simba musiyano pakati yakapfuura uye anomutevera inoti zviri atomu. Muchiitiko chino, kana munhu Erekitironi akasvetuka kusvika pedyo chinoumba ari muchadenga, zvinonzi chaibwinya simba (photons), uye vakutarisire. Pasinei chokwadi kuti kufamba maerekitironi kashoma afanane orbital trajectory dzinongoda zvachose circumferential yokutanga Bohr tikwanise kuwana tsananguro wakaisvonaka kuvapo mumutsetse chakarondedzera pakati hydrogen atomu. Around iyoyowo, yefizikisi Hertz naFrank, aigara Germany, akasimbisa musayendisiti Niels Bohr nezvokuvapo mira, akatsiga inoti iri atomu uye mukana nokuchinja maatomu simba tsika.

Mushandirapamwe pakati masayendisiti maviri

Zviya, Rutherford kwenguva refu ndisingagoni kuona rokuchengeta mwoyo. Scientists Marsden uye Geiger akaedza kuita muchinjikwa-kuongorora Zvinotaurwa Ernest Rutherford, uye somugumisiro nokungwarira uye hwakadzama kuedza uye Masvomhu vakasvika pakugumisa kuti ndicho chinoumba chikuru cho atomu, uye chinotaura zvose zvayo vatariri. Gare gare zvakaratidza kuti mutariri renyukireya riri dziwande akaenzana kukosha ordinal nhamba chinhu periodic table D. I. Mendeleeva. Sezvineiwo, nokukurumidza Niels Bohr akasangana Rutherford uye zvakazara vakabvumirana maonero ake. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti refu aishanda pamwe chete murabhoritari. Rutherford muenzaniso atomu sezvo nehurongwa zvinosanganisira chepuraimari akapomera nezvimedu - Niels zvose Bohr vaiona akanaka uye zvose akabvisa zvavo zvemagetsi womuenzaniso. Joint tsvakurudzo mabasa masayendisiti kwave aibudirira uye akatakura michero. Mumwe nomumwe wavo mukusanzwisisa adzidze zvivako zviri zvokutanga nezvimedu uye zvinokosha matongo mune zvesayenzi. Gare gare, Rutherford yakawanikwa uye akaratidza mukana kuwedzera chinoumba, asi nyaya imwe nyaya.