Roosevelt Mutsva Deal uye nzvimbo yaro munhau

Franklin Delano Roosevelt kuti pave nokunamata kwakachena, uyewo akabereka kwavo Depression Great, nokusingaperi munhoroondo upfumi hwenyika. Chii akakurumbira saka "New Deal" uye kana aigona chaizvoizvo afarirwe zvoupfumi?

prehistory

Munguva 1920s, hapana hapana zviratidzo dambudziko. Mukupesana, muUnited States mushure World War First atanga adzikunure upfumi. Bhuku kugadzirwa yakawedzera, pamwe achikura ruzivo uye chivimbo navo kuti America - nzvimbo hakuna nematambudziko. Asi chokwadi sokuti dzinonyengera.

Pamwechete kumhanya maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye kwakawedzera kukosha anogoverana akaitwa. Stock musika zvokufungidzira rava craze vokuAmerica. Munhu wose aida kuti mari iri Stock Exchange kumbodzidzira sendi, kwete kutya kuritora kubhengi chikwereti. Somugumisiro, kukosha migove zvakanyanya kubviswa nhamba chaidzo. By pakuguma 20s rakasvika kudzikira mune upfumi. Kuti iti chechetere nemigumisiro, ari Fed akatendeuka pamusoro wokudhinda dzikawedzera uwandu zvikwereti. Asi unorema mari haana kupinda indasitiri, Nehunde exchange. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti pamusika wemari rwauya mumba imwe chepiramidhi, izvo nyore kuparara, vachiviga pasi matongo ayo upfumi hwose. Muna October 1929, New York Stock Exchange vakadonha: mugove mutengo dzakawira, uye vakatanga rokutengesa dzavo akakura. Zvino - Chain Zvaakazoita: pamwe yokuisira ose migove uye varombo mabhizimisi avo. Zviuru zvevanhu pakarepo vakava asingashandi.

Dambudziko kupararira nokukurumidza yose upfumi: indasitiri, mabhengi, kurima. Kubva 1929 kusvika 1933. uwandu havashande yakawedzera kubva 3 kusvika 25%, kureva mumwe mana vokuAmerica akanga asingashandi. Zvikurukuru simba dambudziko yakarova misha, vazhinji zvinongova nokutsakatika.

Hazvishamisi kuti pashure sarudzo vakauya simba haasi Republican uye Democratic Party. 4 musi March 1933. kukwikwidza Her Franklin Delano Roosevelt akatora nehofisi US President. Kusiyana vamutangira, akamuwana ari nani leftist uye vakatenda kuti hurumende inofanira vachishingaira kupindira mune zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa uye kubatsira vagari vemo kutsungirira dambudziko, pane kumirira kusvikira upfumi "achazopengenuka." Izvi zvinotendwa zvinoratidzwa zvinhu ake, inonzi New Deal.

indasitiri

Pakati 1933, mutemo wakadzikwa, maererano izvo emakambani akatanga vanonzi "wakanaka makwikwi Codes". Zvinyorwa izvi vaiva Entrepreneurs pachavo, uye anotenderwa neMutungamiriri weNyika. Inoratidza bhuku okuwana, mutengo nokuti, murayiro nokuparadzirwa, uyewo mamiriro ezvinhu basa vashandi (Minimum mubayiro, kufadza kureba nokushanda vhiki). Sezvo New Deal haana kupa mukana guru vanamuzvinabhizimisi artificially yakaderera mutengo kana kuderedza goho. Panguva iyoyowo airemekedzwa uye zvido vashandi. Pashure kuitwa Codes vawedzere basa wezvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa, iyo vanonzi chepamutemo vamiririri chevashandi.

Mumakore maviri pashure kuitwa mutemo ose maindasitiri vaiva pasi zvachose neHurumende. Zvikurukuru akasika National Recovery Administration indasitiri akahwina kodzero kunyange kuvhara bhizimisi.

basa

Roosevelt Mararamiro haringorevi kuti shanduko mune indasitiri. The President akatsvaka kuderedza kwemabasa zvazvingava, iyo yakasvika anoyevedza saizi. Kuti izvi zvidaro, taironga hombe voruzhinji mabasa, nokuti mubhadharo izvo mari dzakanga dzinounzwa kubva bhajeti. Rimwe remasangano zvaMambo iyoyo yakanga kuvakwa hydropower miti pamusoro Tennessee River. Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuna youth basa - mumisasa zvakagadzirwa kuitira muduku havashande vomuAmerica umo vaigona kushanda kwemwedzi mitanhatu pa $ 30 pamwedzi. Chokwadi, nezviyero izvi regai kubvisa kwemabasa, asi aigona kunyange zvishoma kuderedza nayo.

kurima

Akawira mitengo nokuti zvokurima zvigadzirwa zvakaita kuti muhombe kuparadzwa varimi, urombo uye nzara, yakanga isina zvishoma yaimbova America kupfuura Soviet collectivized mumisha. Saka, New Deal chinopa kuti matanho ndiponesezve kurima. Pane yave akamisa paruzhinji mitumbi waidzora denderedzwa ichi upfumi. Pakutanga, kununura kurima matanho vaiva nani noutsinye - zvigadzirwa yakatengwa uye pakarepo kuparadzwa. Inotokonya upfumi kuderedza acreage akaripa shoma nokuti. zviyero izvi kwakabatsira varimi anonyanya guru. Varidzi Small wakabudiswa ezvinhu emari nokubetsera kwemahofisi nyika nani, kutenga mapurazi. Uyewo kwakamutsa kugadzira cooperatives. dambudziko chikwereti varimi 'riri kugadziriswa sezvinotevera: yeUnited nyika nemabhangi akavapa zvikwereti, nokuda izvo varimi vanofanira kubhadhara chikwereti chikwereti kumakambani mabhanga.

mabhanga

Economic okuchinja akavabata. Chinhu chokutanga hurumende ichiitwa hombe amboshandurirwa mabhanga, kushandura yakashatiswa rinotungamirirwa nehurumende. mitemo itsva pamusika uyu zvave vakagamuchirwa. Kubva zvino, pemahombekombe havagoni kushanda kuchengetedzeka. Mukuwedzera, mitemo zvokutsinhanisa zvikwereti vainyatsoziva dzakatangwa. Asi chinonyanya kukosha nechiyero kuti New Deal kwakamboitwa rwezvemabhengi, inishuwarenzi dhipoziti kwakanga. bhangi nerimwe kuti bvisa chikamu yavanotambira kuva inishuwarenzi mari chaiyo, uye kusauka akabhadhara mari kuti depositors. mutemo uyu wakabatsira kuti amise "kutiza depositors 'uye kusimudza nechivimbo mabhanga, riri nguva dzose wobbles munguva dambudziko.

zvabuda

Saka, chii vakapa "New Deal" the American upfumi? Sezvineiwo, vakatanga kuchinja vakakundikana kudzivirira mutsva dambudziko muna 1937, asi vakakwanisa kudzivisa social kuputika aigona kuitika nyore mumakore 30 nokuti vose ezvinhu mune America panguva. Roosevelt kwakaita zvokuchinja zvinhu aiva zvimwewo zvaanoreva: vakaratidza kuti hurumende inogona uye inofanira kutarisira vemo. Ivo nheyo mamiriro mitemo hwenyika, iro rinoitwa munyika yose ano capitalist nyika. Chakagamuchirwa kwegadziriro matanho akabvumira kuti iti chechetere kunorira hupfumi dambudziko.