Radioactivity sezvo uchapupu kunzwisisa maumbirwo kwemaatomu. Nhoroondo zvakawanikwa, kuedza, mhando radioactivity

Pashure mutemo nenguva dzirikure wakashamira kwenguva refu nguva masayendisiti akaramba mubvunzo chisinganzwisisiki zvachose. Nei ehupfumi kwemakemikari zvinhu zvinongoshandisa zvavo mabhomba guru? Vaongorori vasingagoni kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvikuru maitikiro. Vaifanira kugadzirisa mitemo mumuviri akashandurwa periodic hurongwa.

Michero namaoko omunhu, kana wakasununguka chinoshamisa?

nemwaranzi Fani chaizvoizvo aivapo nguva dzose. Vanhu kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo dzaro akararama pakati dzinonzi dzinongoitika radioactive munda. Asi radioactivity sezvo uchapupu zvakaoma nemamiriro atomu chiya chazivikanwa Fani chete mukutanga remakore rechi20.

Kubva nzvimbo panyika kunosvika kuna ionizing mwaranzi. Vanhu vari irradiated vaya matsime kuti huri muura enyika uye zvicherwa. Kunyange chikamu womunhu muviri ndivo zvinhu vanonzi radionuclides. Asi kuguma remakore rechi19 ichi zvose pamberi, masayendisiti aigona chete zvokufungidzira.

Kusaziva pamusoro radioactivity

Radioactivity sezvo uchapupu kunzwisisa mamiriro kwemaatomu zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi kuti vanhuwo miners. Somuenzaniso, muzana remakore rechi16 kutungamirira mumigodhi Austria, pamusoro unonzi gomo kurwara miners zvakaurayiwa chirwirangwe munguva makore 30-40 chete. Vakadzi Local akaroorwa kanopfuura kamwe, sezvo mwero wokufa kwevanhu wakanga kupfuura nyore miners kufa neinopfuura ka50. Zvadaro, musi kugamuchira vakadai nokuyerwa radioactivity vasingazivi. Vanhu vaisagona kunyange kufunga kuti uranium exchange ngozi chinogona zviri mutobvu ores. Chete muna 1879, vanachiremba vakadzidza kuti "gomo chirwere" - chaizvoizvo kenza yemapapu.

Kuwanikwa radioactive kurongedza Becquerel

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 yakanga akenda kudzidza, zvakazoita radioactivity sezvo uchapupu kunzwisisa mamiriro kwemaatomu akava pachena kune veruzhinji. Muna 1896, mutsvakurudzi A. A. Bekkerel akawana kuti uranium exchange tubhokisi zvinhu zvinogona tariro Photographic bwendefa murima. Masayendisiti pava paya kuti pfuma iyi haisi chete uranium exchange. Next Polish kemisiti Marie Sklodowska-Curie nomurume wake Pierre Curie yakawanikwa radionuclide itsva mbiri: polonium uye Radium.

Becquerel ruzivo pachayo yakanga tsvarakadenga nyore. Akatora uranium exchange munyu, putira navo jira rima-mavara uye hwakaratidza muzuva kuona sei fuma vaunganidza simba iri reemitted. Asi mumwe musayendisiti akaona kuti ndiro anotanga hwihwinyara kunyange apo uranium exchange munyu havana pachena kuti zuva. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti radioactivity yakawanikwa. Becquerel akadana asingazivikanwi mwaranzi maekisirei (rakafanana zita X).

Rutherford kuedza

radioactivity Next akatakurirwa Chirungu musayendisiti Ernest Rutherford. Muna 1899 zvakanzi kunze kumwe kuedza kudzidza chinonakidza. It kunoratidzwa zvinotevera. The musayendisiti akatora uranium exchange munyu uye kuiswa humburumbira yakagadzirwa mutobvu. Kuburikidza rakamanikana yokutanga karwizi yeAlpha nezvimedu chiitiko pamusoro Photographic mundiro, riri kumusoro. Mukutanga kuedza, Rutherford haana kushandisa remagetsi ndiro.

Naizvozvo, iri ndiro, sezvo muzvirevo kuedza, kunovhenekera mune imwe pfungwa. Ipapo Rutherford akatanga unobva remagineti. Kana iri duku ukoshi kwoita maviri danda akatanga. Kana remagineti rwuchiwanzwa zvakatonyanya, pane gwapa nerima pamusoro zvinyorwa. Saka marudzi akasiyana-siyana radioactivity pazvakawanikwa: Arifa, Beta uye wegamma nemwaranzi.

The mhedziso yacho zvidzidzo vakatevera

Mushure zvose zvakaitika izvi, uye akazivikanwa souchapupu radioactivity kunzwisisa maumbirwo kwemaatomu. Zvechokwadi, akaonekwa kuti kurongedza mukati mwoyo weatomu kunotungamirira nemwaranzi kwakadaro. Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti kubvira panguva muGirisi yekare, atomu kwainzi indivisible PARTICIPLE zvakasikwa. Shoko "atomu" rinoreva "indivisible". Somugumisiro, ongororo masayendisiti akadzidza pamusoro vanhu kwatangwa remagetsi nemwaranzi, uyewo nezvimedu matsva mabhomba - danho rakakomba kudaro mberi akaita wefizikisi. Radioactivity, rakanga rakazaruka Zvinovheneka nesayenzi panguva kwezana remakore idzva, akaratidza kuti atomu chaizvoizvo muzvikamu.

nemamiriro atomu

zvidzidzo zvokuongorora, zvakanga hwakasimbiswa kuti atomu ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo. It rine neerekitironi okusafarira mhosva maerekitironi. Muna 1932, vaongorori Russian Ivanenko uye Gapon E., uye zvisinei muenzaniso kwavo nemamiriro atomu yakanga dzataurwa nokuda yefizikisi yokuGermany Heisenberg akadana hwepurotoni-Nyuturoni. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, atomu rine nezvimedu, akadana protons uye neutrons. Vakabatana mune zvakafanana boka nucleons.

Zvinenge mukanyiwa yose atomu riri paro. Protons, neutrons uye maerekitironi dzinoumba chikamu zvokutanga inoramba. Somugumisiro experimental zvidzidzo, kwakaonekwa kuti Serial nhamba fuma iri periodic mamiriro zvinhu akaenzana rokuchengeta mwoyo weatomu.

The ehupfumi kuti radionuclides

Kuti tinzwisise zviri radioactivity uye sei kwazvinoita sechivako maatomu musimboti, zvakakodzera mukudzidzire mashoma nyore. Somuenzaniso, ikozvino kunzi radionuclides, radioactive isotopes. Vari kupatsanurwa pane kusagadzikana kuti dzakasiyana hafu-upenyu.

Radioactive isotopes, akatendeuka kupinda dzimwe isotopes, muri manyuko ionizing mwaranzi. Other radionuclides inosiyana siyana pamusoro volatility. Vamwe vanogona anoora kwemazana uye zvemakore. radionuclides refu-akararama kwakadaro inonzi. Somuenzaniso unogona kushumira ose isotopes ose uranium exchange. Pfupi radionuclides, Ukuwo, nokukoromora nokukurumidza: panyaya mumasekonzi, maminitsi kana mwedzi.

Chii radioactivity?

Unit radioactivity - 1 Becquerel. Kana pane wechipiri chete kuora, zvinonzi webasa imwe isotope ndeimwe Becquerel. Basa - ndiwo mutengo kuti tikwanise kufungidzira pokuwa simba svomhu. Kare, masayendisiti akashandisa mumwe chairema radioactivity - Curie. The reshiyo pakati pavo sezvinotevera: 1 Key nhoroondo mabhiriyoni 37 Bq.

Saka zvinokosha kusiyanisa basa siyana yakawanda fuma, somuenzaniso 1 kg, uye 1 MG. Basa maduramazwi uwandu pafuma iri zvesayenzi inonzi chaizvo basa. ukoshi Izvi inversely Proportional hafu-upenyu.

radioactivity ngozi

Radioactivity sezvo uchapupu kunzwisisa mamiriro kwemaatomu yainzi zvikuru ngozi mananara. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro Fani iyi, vanhu vane chikonzero chakanaka kutya nemigumisiro. Vazhinji vane pfungwa yokuti mukuru kutyisidzira anogona kutakura wegamma nemwaranzi. Asi hazvina kudaro, kanenge, hachisi upenyu pangozi. Kuonana nemwaranzi zvakawanda ngozi nemhaka rakapinza simba rayo. Chokwadi, wegamma mwaranzi, nhamba iri kupfuura, Somuenzaniso, Beta-ray. Asi ngozi hakubvi pakutsvaga indekisi ichi uye dose.

Mumwe chete dose angava wakachengeteka vanhu vane uremu muviri uye ngozi mumwe. Kuonana ionizing nemwaranzi kunotemwa nokushandisa Indekisi woga dose. Asi kunyange izvi hazvina kukwana kuti kukuvara kuongororwa. Pashure pezvose, kwete nemwaranzi dzose zvakafanana ngozi. Hazard emissivity inonzi weighting. Unit radioactivity rinoshandiswa kuti kufungidzira nemwaranzi dose ane weighting coefficient, rinonzi Sievert.