Processing - iri ... RNA kubudiswa (post-transcriptional RNA nadzurudzo)

It chinosiyanisa Danho iri Implementation kuti aripo mashoko majini mumasero dzakadai eukaryotes uye prokaryotes.

Dudziro pfungwa iyi

In Chirungu, izwi rinoreva "kurapwa, marara." Processing - ndiye paumbwe vakura RNA mamorekuru kubva pre-RNA. Nemamwe mashoko, yakatarwa iyi wanda kuti kukonzera kuchinja chikuru transcription chigadzirwa (the pre-RNAs pakubhadhara yakasiyana) munzvimbo kare-kushanda Morekuru.

With Panyaya kubudiswa p- uye tRNA, kazhinji zvinoburuka pasi kwokuparadza kumugumo mamorekuru ari mamwe zvimedu. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro mRNA, zvinogona kucherechedzwa pano kuti eukaryotes, muitiro kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda.

Saka, pashure takadzidza kuti kubudiswa - ndiyo kuchinja zvikuru inopangidza kupinda vakura RNA Morekuru, vanofanira mberi kuti kukurukura mamiriro ayo.

The chikuru zviri pfungwa

Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zvinotevera:

• nadzurudzo zvose kumigumo Morekuru uye RNA, mukufamba zvavari vakabatana dzakananga nucleotide sequences dzinoratidza nzvimbo kutanga (magumo) ari nhepfenyuro;
• splicing - clipping uninformative ribonucleic asidhi sequences izvo anoenderana introns DNA.

Kana prokaryotes, havasi pasi mRNA kugadzira. It anokwanisa kushanda kubva kumugumo kwetunhu.

Where rinobva muitiro mu mubvunzo?

Chero muviri RNA kubudiswa kunoitika musimboti. Zvinonzi kuitwa chaizvo makemikari (boka ravo) mumwe nomumwe mhando mamorekuru. kupatsanurwa zvingadyiwawo pachena inogadzirwa shanduro dzakadai polypeptides anoverengwa zvakananga kubva mRNA. kuchinja izvi inozviisa vanonzi aizotangira mamorekuru kwemapurotini vakawanda - collagen, antibodies, zvomudumbu makemikari, vamwe hormone, uye ipapo rinotanga chaiwo nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri.

Tatoona kuti kubudiswa - ndiye paumbwe vakura RNA kubva pre-RNA. Zvino zvakafanira yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora hunhu dzakawanda ribonucleic acid.

RNA: makemikari hunhu

Uyu ribonucleic acid, inova copolymer kuti pyrimidine uye purine ribonukleitidov izvo chokuita mumwe, sezvo ari DNA 3 '- 5'-phosphodiester mabhiriji.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti marudzi aya maviri mamorekuru akafanana, zvinosiyana akawanda chikonzero.

Hunhu RNA uye DNA

Chekutanga, ribonucleic asidhi aripo ari kabhoni vakasara iyo abut pyrimidine uye purine nezvigadziko, boka phosphate - ribose, muna DNA chete - 2'-deoxyribose.

Chechipiri, akasiyana zvinoriumba uye pyrimidine. Similar zvinoriumba ndiwo nucleotides adenine, cytosine, guanine. In RNA, uracil aripo pachinzvimbo thymine.

Third, RNA 1 ane cheni chimiro, uye DNA - 2-kusungwa Morekuru. Asi ribonucleic iine acid beach migove aripo pakatarisana polarity (nopindirana kutevedzana) iyo nayo anokwanisa chete cheni uye clot kuumba "hairpin" - yakarongeka, takaberekwa tine zvechadenga zononoka-2 (sezviri kuratidzwa pamusoro apa).

Chechina, nokuti RNA - imwe cheni, riri nopindirana munhu wokutanga DNA beach, guanine vanofanira kuva varipo mairi mune imwe kugutsikana sezvo cytosine uye adenine - uracil kufanana.

Chechishanu, RNA vangava hydrolyzed pamwe alkali 2 ', 3'-diesters ose cyclic mononucleotides. Basa zvenguva hydrolysis kunoita 2 ', 3', 5-triester, asingakwanisi aumbe panguva muitiro akafanana DNA nokuda kusavapo wake mapoka 2'-hydroxyl. By tichienzanisa DNA alkaline lability pamusoro ribonucleic asidhi chinhu chinobatsira nzvi- chirwere zvinangwa, uye nokuda ongororo.

Mashoko ari 1-nezano RNA unowanzoonekwa chinozoiswa sezvo kutevedzana kwezviitiko purine uye pyrimidine nezvigadziko, kureva, chikuru polymer cheni mamiriro.

kutevedzana Izvi nopindirana Chain Gene (yeEncoding), izvo RNA "readout." Nokuda pfuma iyi ribonucleic iine acid Morekuru anogona zvakananga kusungira kuti Coding cheni, asi haasi kukwanisa kuita izvi nevasiri Coding DNA beach. RNA urongwa, asi kutsiva T U, akafanana izvo chokuita isiri Coding cheni Gene.

mhando RNA

Vanenge vose vanobatanidzwa pakuitika akadai mapuroteni biosynthesis. Dzinozivikanwa mhando RNA:

1. Matrix (mRNA). Izvi cytoplasmic ribonucleic asidhi mamorekuru kuti kushanda sezvo mapuroteni usage matrices.
2. Ribosomal (rRNA). Izvi cytoplasmic RNA Morekuru, kushanda sezvo STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba zvakadai ribosomes (organelles vanobatanidzwa mapuroteni usage).
3. Transportation (tRNA). Izvi senga mamorekuru ose ribonucleic acids izvo kushandura (shanduro) mRNA mashoko kuva kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino acids zviri mapurotini kare.

A nouchapupu chikamu RNA pamusoro manotsi rokutanga anobudiswa muna masero eukaryotic, kusanganisira masero mammalian, pachena musimboti kudzikisirana muitiro, uye kuridza mashoko ari cytoplasm kana STRUCTURAL basa.

In masero dzevanhu (cultured) akawana boka duku yenyukireya ribonucleic acids vasiri zvakananga munyaya mapuroteni usage, asi kukanganisa RNA kubudiswa, uyewo zvachose cellular "mapurani." hukuru zvavo siyana, ane 90 - 300 nucleotides.

Ribonucleic asidhi - inokosha nemagene acho kubva anoverengeka nemavhairasi Zvirimwa uye mhuka. Vamwe nemavhairasi ine RNA, haangatongopfuuri danho yakadai neizvi transcription RNA kupinda DNA. Asi vazhinji nemavhairasi mhuka, somuenzaniso retroviruses, dzinoratidzwa neizvi shanduro genome RNA rinotungamirirwa RNA-zvaanoda neizvi transcription (DNA polymerase) Kuumba 2-helical DNA kopi. Muzviitiko zvizhinji kuonekwa 2-helical DNA inopangidza wakatangwa kupinda genome mberi ichipa kutaura nemavhairasi majini uye uchishandisa nguva ichangobva kopi RNA genomes (uye nemavhairasi).

Post-transcriptional okunatsiridza RNA

mamorekuru ayo synthesized pamwe RNA polymerases, nguva dzose vakuru vakaneta Precursors kuita, kureva kuti pre-RNA. Ivo tinoshandurirwa imwe kare akura Morekuru chete pashure kupfuura kuMudzidzisi post-transcriptional okunatsiridza RNA - nzendo kwayo kuibvisa.

The inotungamirwa vakura mRNA averenga panguva kwetunhu uye RNA polymerase II padanho elongation. Pakazosvika 5'end pamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma kukura beach RNA zvakabatanidzwa 5'end GTP, ipapo wakanamatira orthophosphate. Uyezve, pamwe veMubatanidzwa methylated guanine 7-methyl-GTP. Ino chaiyo boka, riri chikamu mRNA, rinonzi "dzavhara" (ngowani kana chivharo).

Zvichienderana mhando RNA (ribosomal uye zvokufambisa, chizvaro, etc.) Precursors vari pasi siyana anotevedzana okunatsiridza. Somuenzaniso, ari Precursors vari spliced mRNA, methylation, capping, polyadenylation, uye dzimwe nguva fora.

Eukaryotes: munhu mukuru muchidimbu

Sero eukaryotic anoita sezvo umambo zvipenyu, uye rine tsanga. Kuwedzera utachiona, archaea, zvinenge zvose zviri zvenyukireya. Plants, notumwe tupukanana mhuka, kusanganisira boka zvipenyu, akadana protists - zvose kuita eukaryotic zvinenge. Ndivo zvose 1-sero uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, asi vose mukuru zano cellular mamiriro. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi ndizvo dzakasiyana zvinenge zvakafanana mavambo, Somugumisiro, boka yenyukireya vachinzwisisa somunhu monophyletic taxon chemhando chinzvimbo.

Pachishandiswa rondedzero yakakurumbira, eukaryotes yakabuda 1.5 - 2 bhiriyoni apfuura .. Rinokosha mhindumupindu ravo anopiwa symbiogenesis - symbiosis masero eukaryotic, akanga chinoumba vanokwanisa phagocytosis, uye utachiona, ikavamedza wake - tateguru plastids uye mitochondria.

Prokaryotes: mukuru unhu

Izvi 1-sero zvipenyu vasina neerekitironi (kunyoresa), vamwe Kamudzira organelles (zvemukati). The chete guru annular 2-chain morekuru reDNA kuitika chikuru chikamu majini zvinhu muchitokisi ndomumwe usingabereki kuumba zvakaoma pamwe histone mapurotini.

For prokaryotes zvinosanganisira archaea uye utachiona, kusanganisira cyanobacteria. Zvizvarwa enucleated masero - eukaryotic organelles - plastids, mitochondria. Vari akakamurwa 2 taxa mukati achazoburuka chinzvimbo: Archaea uye Mabhakitiriya.

Masero aya havana hamvuropu renyukireya, DNA kavha kunoitika pasina kunobatanidza histones. Osmotrofny zvokudya zvavo mhando uye rine majini zvinhu mumwe morekuru reDNA iri akavharwa rin'i, uye pane replicon mumwe chete. In prokaryotes vari organelles kuti vari Kamudzira mamiriro.

Kusiyana eukaryotes kubva prokaryotes

Chinokosha chinoratidza masero eukaryotic ndiyo akarondedzera kuwanikwa mavari majini midziyo, riri mu mwoyo, apo runochengetedzwa Pane bhomba. Linear DNA yavo chokuita mapuroteni histones, dzimwe mapuroteni okutodza, izvo ndisipo mune utachiona. Kazhinji, muupenyu hwavo upenyu kutenderera kupa zvenyukireya 2 danho. Mumwe ane haploid vanochengeta okutodza, uye zvadaro kubatanidzwa nomumwe, 2 masero haploid dzinoumba diploid, izvo kare unotora yakatarwa okutodza wechipiri. Zvangoitikawo kuti nguva inotevera apo sero rinokamukana zvakare anova haploid. Hupenyu hwemhando iyi kutenderera, uyewo diploidy zvavo, havasi chinoratidza kuti prokaryotes.

The dzinonakidza kupfuura musiyano iri pamberi dzakananga organelles mu eukaryotes, vane majini midziyo yavo uye muwande kubudikidza kupesana. zvivako aya takapoteredzwa membrane. organelles Ndivo mitochondria uye plastids. Maererano maumbirwo upenyu uye zvinoshamisa yakafanana mabhakitiriya. ezvinhu ichi chakaita masayendisiti kufunga nezvokuti ivo - vana utachiona kuti mapinda symbiosis pamwe eukaryotes.

In prokaryotes, pane vashoma organelles, hapana akapoteredzwa wechipiri membrane. Ivo havana endoplasmic reticulum, ari Golgi midziyo, ari lysosomes.

Chimwe chinokosha musiyano 1 kubva eukaryotes prokaryotes - kuvapo endocytosis Fani mu eukaryotes, kusanganisira phagocytosis mumapoka akawanda. Wokupedzisira ndiye kukwanisa andobata nokupinda ari rouchenjeri Kamudzira, ipapo kugaya siyana zvakasimba inoramba. Izvi zvinopa uchapupu hunokosha unodzivirira basa mumuviri. The panowanikwa phagocytosis, anofungidzirwa nokuti kuti masero yavo paavhareji saizi. Prokaryotic zvinenge zviri husina zvishoma, sezvo zvakaguma panguva Kushanduka eukaryotes, paiva kwairayirwa chokuita nerubatsiro masero inokosha mari yezvokudya. Somugumisiro, okutanga zvikara chinjwa akazviratidza pakati pavo.

Processing somumwe nzendo mapuroteni biosynthesis

danho rechipiri ichi, unotanga pashure transcription. Processing kwemapurotini rinowanikwa chete eukaryotes. kuibvisa ichi mRNA. Kuti kuva chaiwo, zviri kubviswa munyika regai Code kuti mapuroteni, uye kujoina kuzvidzora.

mhedziso

Munyaya ino izvozvo chinorondedzerwa kuti chinomiririra kubudiswa (Biology). Akatiwo RNA ichi rinodonongodza mhando yawo uye post-transcriptional nadzurudzo. Vaiona pachena zviri eukaryotes uye prokaryotes.

Pakupedzisira zvakakodzera kuyeuchidza kuti kubudiswa - ndiye paumbwe vakura RNA kubva pre-RNA.