Preprocessor CSS: zvayakaita, selection, kushanda

Absolutely zvose ruzivo padandemutande vagadziri vanoshandisa preprocessor. Hakuna. Kana uchida kubudirira mubasa iri, musakanganwa pamusoro zvirongwa izvi. Pakutanga, vangaita kuti ruzivo chinokatyamadza yakanyarara - zvinondiremera rakafanana zvirongwa! Kutaura zvazviri, unogona kukurira zvose zvaidiwa CSS preprocessor kwerinenge zuva, uye kana ukaedza, ipapo vaviri maawa. Mune ramangwana, vachagara yekudyidzana upenyu hwako husava.

sei CSS preprocessor

Kuti tinzwisise maitiro ruzivo urwu nani, zvishoma yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora nhoroondo kutarisana mharidzo yemapeji.

Kana chete uchangotanga hombe Indaneti, hapana manyorerwo machira hariko. Kuuraya magwaro kwaienderana nokuti Browser. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva zvitaera yavo, izvo zvave kushandiswa pakurapa mamwe tags. Saizvozvowo, mapeji tarisa zvakasiyana zvichienderana hurongwa umo mubrowser iwe kuvhura navo. The mugumisiro - mhirizhonga, kuvhiringidzika, zvinetso Developers.

Muna 1994, Norwegian musayendisiti Håkon Nhema vakatanga manyorero jira raigona kushandiswa pakuonekwa mapeji oga kubva HTML-gwaro. Pfungwa priglanulas nhengo W3C, uyo pakarepo vakasimuka kwakwana. Makore mashomanana gare gare akabudisa imwe shanduro CSS Specification wokutanga. Akabva yairamba hwakavandudzika, payaipedziswa ... Asi pfungwa yakaramba zvose zvakafanana: mumwe manyorero kuisa zvimwe zvivako.

Kushandisa CSS pamatafura yagara matambudziko. Somuenzaniso, padandemutande vagadziri kazhinji vaiva nedambudziko kufambira uye muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano features, uye nhaka hakusi nyore.

Zvino kwakauya maviri kuzviuru. Nyora vari kuramba akatanga kuita basa mberi-kuguma Developers, izvo zvinokosha kuchinja uye simba basa zvekunyanyisa. Aripo panguva akabvunza CSS prefixes placement uye club inotsigira nezvaanogona itsva Browser. Zvadaro, pedyo JavaScript, uye Ruby nyanzvi akaburuka kuti bhizimisi, kutanga preprocessor - superstructure nokuda CSS, zvitsva zvinhu zviri pazviri.

CSS nokuti Beginners: preprocessor zvinhu

Vane akawanda mabasa:

• batanidza Browser prefixes uye makaki;

• gadzirisa nemarongerwo;

• kupa mukana wokushanda nested selectors pasina kukanganisa;

• kuvandudza pfungwa Kugadzira.

In pfupi: asi preprocessor inowedzera CSS zvirongwa pfungwa nezvaanogona. Zvino, Kugadzira haina kuitwa senguva vanonyorwa zvitaera uye zvishomanana unyanzvi uye nzira: variables, mashandiro, hagfish, zvinogara mamiriro. Mukuwedzera, kukwanisa kushandisa masvomhu.

Kuona kukurumbira izvi wedzera-dzi, kuti W3C vakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera mukana kwavo CSS remitemo. Somuenzaniso, muna Specification saka ipapo calc () basa, icho chinotsigirwa browsers zhinji. Zvinotarisirwa kuti nokukurumidza zvichava zvinobvira kuisa variables uye kuumba hagfish. Zvisinei, izvi zvichaitika munguva yemberi iri kure, uye preprocessors kare pano uye kare kushanda zvakanaka.

Popular preprocessors CSS. li

Yakagadzirwa muna 2007. Aimbova chinoumba Haml - a template HTML. New nyaya CSS zvinhu kudzora relished Developers pamusoro Ruby musi Rails, iro rakatanga akaipetenura kwose. The li akawandisa zvinhu zvava zvaisanganisira chero preprocessor: variables, embedding pamusoro selectors, hagfish (Saka, zvisinei, nharo izvi hazvigoni kuwedzerwa).

Kuzivisa variables muna li

Variables wakarondedzera pamwe $ wemasaini. Vanogona kuramba zvivako zvavo uye rinovira, somuenzaniso: "$ borderSolid: 1px hwakasimba dzvuku;". In muenzaniso uyu, isu yakazivisa shanduka anonzi borderSolid uye vanoponeswa unokoshesa 1px chakasimba dzvuku. Zvino, kana ari CSS tinofanira kusika dzvuku muganhu makubhiti 1px, anongoti rinoratidza kuti shanduka mushure pfuma zita. Pashure kuziviswa variables hazvigoni kuchinjwa. Kune akawanda yakavakwa-mu mabasa. Somuenzaniso, kuzivisa shanduka ine ukoshi $ redcolor # FF5050. Zvino, ari CSS bumbiro iri ehupfumi upi ichocho, kurishandisa kuisa Sarudza ruvara: p {ruvara: $ redColor; }. Unoda kushandisa ruvara? Shandisa basa rima kana kurerutsa. Izvi zvinoitwa saka: p {ruvara: svibirika ($ redColor, 20%); }. Somugumisiro, ruvara redColor achava 20% vakareruka.

The li vazhinji yakavakwa-mu mabasa. Worth kanenge kuaverenga, asi zviri nani - kudzidza.

nesting

Kare, kuratidza nesting aifanira kushandisa refu uye dzamira nepurani. Chimbofungidzira kuti tine div, inova peji, uye zvirimo, akavapindurawo, akaisa span. Nokuti div, tinofanira kuisa Sarudza ruvara tsvuku, nokuti peji - yero, nokuti span - blue. kuva In randinenge CSS zvaizoita zvaitwa sezvinotevera:

div {

ruvara: tsvuku;

}

div pp {

ruvara: shora;

}

div pp span {

ruvara: pingi;

}

With CSS preprocessor zvose zvinova nyore uye chiine:

div {

ruvara: tsvuku;

pp {

ruvara: shora;

.span {

ruvara: pingi;

}

}

}

Zvinhu chaizvoizvo "paakapiwa" mumwe nomumwe.

preprocessor Nemirayiro

Kushandisa @import nhungamiro inogona kutenga mafaira. Somuenzaniso, tine fonts.sass faira kuti zvinotaura zvekunyanyisa kuti fonts. Batanidza kuti huru faira style.sass: @import 'fonts'. Kuitwa! Panzvimbo imwe chete guru faira pamwe zvitaera tine zvishomanana kuti anogona kushandiswa kukurumidza nyore kuwana zvinodiwa ehupfumi.

hagfish

Imwe anonakidza zvikuru pfungwa. Kunoitawo rwonzi kubvunza mamwe zvivako. Kushanda sezvinotevera:

@mixin largeFont {

Fonts-mhuri: 'Times New Roman';

Kukura-size: 64px;

mutsetse-kukwirira: 80px;

Fonts-uremu: vakashinga;

}

Hagfish kushandisa kuti chinhu papeji, kushandisa murayiro @include. Somuenzaniso, tinoda kuzvishandisa kuti H1 Header. Tine zvinotevera yakarongeka: H1 {@include: largeFont; }

Vose ehupfumi ose hagfish vanotumirwa chinhu H1 maatomu akafanana.

preprocessor Kuderera

Nemarongerwo li anoyeuka zvirongwa. Kana muchitsvaka nezvechisarudzo kuti zvikuru akakodzera beginners kudzidza CSS, tsvaka Kuderera. Rakanga akasikwa 2009. The chikuru Pakanzi - rutsigiro CSS chizvarwa nemarongerwo, saka kujairana mapurogiramu Imposer zvichava nyore kudzidza.

The variables vanonzi kushandisa @ chiratidzo. Somuenzaniso: @fontSize: 14px;. Nesting mabasa pamusoro chete mazano sezvinoitwa li. Hagfish vari chiziviso sezvinotevera: .largeFont () {Fonts-mhuri: 'Times New Roman'; Kukura-size: 64px; mutsetse-kukwirira: 80px; Fonts-uremu: vakashinga; }. Kubatanidza hazvina zvakakodzera kushandisa preprocessor Nemirayiro - chete kuwedzera richangobva akasika hagfish ari ehupfumi ari yasarudzwa maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso: H1 {.largeFont; }.

chinyoreso

Another preprocessor. Created muna 2011 maererano chete munyori, kuti akapa nyika yacho Jade, Express uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Variables zvinogona riziviswe nenzira mbiri - zvingava zvakajeka kana zvakazara. Somuenzaniso: Fonts = 'Times New Roman'; - ane zvakazara nzira. Asi $ Fonts = 'Times New Roman' - yakajeka. Hagfish vanonzi uye zvakakwana zvakabatana. The nemarongerwo iri sezvinotevera: redColor () ruvara rutsvuku. Zvino tinogona kuwedzera chinhu, somuenzaniso: H1 redColor ().

Chinyoreso pamusoro Pakutanga zvingaita sezvisingabviri. Aripiko "chizvarwa" mumabhuraketi uye semicolons? Asi zvinokosha kuti vanoshamba mariri, zvose kuchijeka zvikuru. Zvisinei, yeuka kuti kwenguva refu kukura preprocessor ichi vanogona "wean" iwe kushandisa ainakidza CSS nemarongerwo. Izvi dzimwe nguva kunokonzera matambudziko kana rine kushanda pamwechete manyorero "wakachena".

Chii preprocessor kusarudza?

Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye ... hazvina basa. shanduro All kupa pamusoro chete zvinhu chete nemarongerwo nomumwe akasiyana. Tinoratidza kuti asaende sezvinotevera:

• kana iwe - programmer uye vanoda kushanda zvitaera zvose code, kushandisa li;
• kana iwe - munhu coder uye vanoda kushanda okuruka sezvo pamwe kwakajairika marongerwo, nyatsoteerera Muduku;
• kana uchifarira minimalism, kushandisa chinyoreso.

Nokuti dzakasiyana zvose reupenyu uwandu mumaraibhurari dzinonakidza anogona kunyange mamwe hureruke kukura. Users li akakurudzira kuteerera Compass - chishandiswa chine simba vazhinji pakuvara zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, pashure iwe hwokugadza nayo haumbofi kunetseka pamusoro mutengesi shanduro chivakashure. Nyore kushanda grids. Pane zvishandiso kuti kushanda nemaruva, sprites. A dungwerungwe atozivisa hagfish. Ipa ichi chokushandisa pezvizuva - nokudaro Muchaponesa nguva yakawanda nesimba mune ramangwana.