Political kuchikoro: zvinokonzera, mifananidzo, matambudziko, migumisiro, mienzaniso

Term political kuchikoro yakabuda yokutanga yezana XX remakore. Masayendisiti American ndatanga kurishandisa kutsanangura kusada vomuUmambo kubatanidzwa mune upenyu enyika munyika, uye kunyanya musarudzo. Kudzidza Chiitiko enyika kuchikoro nokuda kwounyanzvi vakawanda dzidziso uye hypotheses kutsanangura zvikonzero zvayo yakaipa.

pfungwa

Maererano nesayenzi enyika, political kuchikoro - munhu disengagement kuti vavhoti kupinda chero vhoti. Modern democracies vari kuratidzwa pachena chiitiko ichi. Maererano nenhamba, muna inoti zhinji, apo sarudzo dziri kuitwa pakati nesarudzo muitiro haabatanidzwi kupfuura hafu vagari vane kodzero dzokuvhota.

Political kuchikoro ane siyana uye maketeni. Munhu asingatendi kupinda musarudzo, haina kure nesimba ukama zvachose. Pasinei nenzvimbo dzavo political anoramba ari mugari uye taxpayer. Non-kubatanidzwa muzviitiko zvakadaro chete chinoshanda basa iro munhu kungazviratidza sezvo chinoshingaira munhu Somuenzaniso, kusarudza maonero avo bato kana kukwikwidza nekuda pambiru nemutevedzeri.

Zvinoumba political kuchikoro

Of nesarudzo passivity anogona kuvapo chete inoti pasina zvokunze tichigombedzerwa enyika basa. Iye akatonga pevatongi munzanga, apo, sezvo mutemo, ndiitewo unyengeri musarudzo kunotodiwa. Munyika dzakadaro, kutungamirirwa zvokudya zvinoda chete bato kuchinja nyika yakanangana nesarudzo maitiro pachavo. Political kuchikoro ari yegutsaruzhinji kunoitika kana munhu kunyimwa basa uye Achapiwa kodzero. Kurasa vavo, haafaniri kubatanidzwa sarudzo.

Political kuchikoro inokanganisa migumisiro yacho sarudzo, somugumisiro sarudzo vanoratidza pfungwa vanovavhotera vakauya zvikamu. Nokuti vazhinji, passivity inzira kunyunyuta. Vazhinji vagari vanofuratira sarudzo, maitiro avo anoratidza mwoyo chete hurongwa. In democracies zvose, zvakajairika nemaonero nezvokuti sarudzo - kuchinja chokushandisa. Vanhu havaendi kwavari, nokuti chokwadi kuti, chero zvazvingava, mavhoti avo achaverenga mu circumvention mutemo kana nzira Zvichaguma kukanganiswe zvimwe zvishoma pachena nzira. Asiwo, pane utongi inoti, apo pane akatodzana sarudzo nzvimbo ashanyirwa zvinenge zvose vavhoti. muenzaniso uyu gangaidzo chete pakutanga kuaona.

Kuchikoro uye hurumende

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vezvematongerwo enyika migumisiro kuchikoro kungaita enyika hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo vavhoti vane maitiro akadaro uye usaenda kuvhota, izvi hazvirevi kuti haana hanya chii chiri kuitika munyika yavo. Kamwe kuchikoro - runyoro chimiro kunyunyuta, zvinoreva kuti ratidziro iyi aigona dzikava chinhu yakawanda. The Kupfururira kuti vavhoti kubva hurongwa chinhu yakaorera pasi nokuda mberi kukura yokusagutsikana.

Nokuda runyararo vagari "pusa" kunzwa kuonekwe kuti havasi kudaro zvikuru. Zvisinei, kana izvi vasingagutsikani kusvika yokunyanyisa pfungwa yaro kurambwa simba, vanoenda pamusoro vanoshingaira matanho kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu ari mamiriro. Zvakaonekwa panguva ino inogona zvakajeka, kuti vanhu vazhinji munyika. Yakasiyana imwe mhando enyika kuchikoro kubatanidza vanhu vakasiyana. Vakawanda vavo havana kuramba zvematongerwo enyika sezvo kutanga, asi kungotaura anodzivisa yaivapo.

Abuse of passivity kwevagari vomunyika

Pakafunuka uye ngozi enyika kuchikoro kuvimba zvinhu zvakawanda: mamiriro kukura wegadziriro, National mafungiro tsika uye netsika imwe nzanga. Vamwe theorists vanotsanangura Fani iyi sezvo mashoma nesarudzo Kupinda. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi anopesana inokosha democratic zvinotaurwa. hurumende Chero munyika nehurongwa yakadaro kwepamutemo pedyo referendamu nesarudzo. Ezvemutauro izvi vakwanise vagari kubata kwavo mamiriro.

Limited nesarudzo Kupinda - ndiyo achisiya zvimwe sectors vokuparidzira kubva upenyu enyika. nhungamiro yakadaro inogona kutungamirira meritocracy, kana oligarchy, kana kuwana kurapa mamiriro kugamuchira chete "zvakanakisisa" uye "Favorites". migumisiro yakadaro kuva zvisingachashandi enyika kuchikoro zvizere hweruzhinji. Elections sezvo nzira kuti wezvamatongerwe Statistical ruzhinji kuchanyarara basa.

Kuchikoro muRussia

Mumakore 90 enyika kuchikoro muRussia kwakaratidzwa pakubwinya kwayo zvose. vagari vazhinji vakaramba kubatanidzwa muupenyu paruzhinji. Vakanga mwoyo noruzha masirogani ezvematongerwe enyika uye chinhu echiShinto muzvitoro pamhiri pomugwagwa mumba.

In epamba sainzi rakaumbwa pakawanda maonero ari kuchikoro. MuRussia, chiitiko ichi - rudzi maitiro, izvo kunooneka pacharo usanwa kubatanidzwa musarudzo uye zvimwe zviitiko enyika. Uyezve, zviri vasingakendengi uye hanya nemafungiro. Kuchikoro kunogona kunzi kukundikana kuita, asi hazvina nguva dzose zvinosiyana ari hanya glances. Kana isu funga maitiro akadaro zvinoratidza kuda vagari, unogona kunzi mumwe zviratidzo hweruzhinji. mutongo uyu zvichaitikawo, kana tikasateerera zviitiko apo vagari akadaro zvikomborero mamiriro, kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika pasina pamusoro vanovavhotera "pusa".

Mvumo

Chinonyanya kukosha nyaya enyika kuti kuchikoro ndechokuti mune zvakaitika vhoti chiduku chikamu kwenzanga hazvibviri kutaura zvechokwadi nevakawanda vhoti. In democracies zvose, kubva evanhu nemaonero, sechivako vashanyi polling yakasiyana chaizvo kubva maumbirwo nzanga yose zvayo. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti rusaruro mapoka ose uye nokumunyima zvezvavanofarira.

Kuwedzera vavhoti pokuita sarudzo anopa hurumende mukuru Mvumo. Kazhinji dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende, weNyika musarudzo, uye zvichingodaro. D. Edza kuwana mamwe rutsigiro nokuti pakati pusa vakawanda, vachiri undecided sarudzo yavo. Enyika, vanokwanisa kuita nevatsigiri vavo vagari zvakadai, somunhu ushe, uye vanokunda musarudzo.

Zvinhu kukanganisa kuchikoro

Vagari Active ari musarudzo dzingasiyana zvichienderana mhando sarudzo, emunharaunda maitiro, pamwero dzidzo, mhando ugari. nyika imwe neimwe ine tsika yayo enyika - kutaridza evanhu mitemo chokuita nesarudzo muitiro.

Uyezve, chirongwa mumwe ane nomumwe maitiro ayo. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti munyika ine Proportional nesarudzo gadziriro, voter turnout iri kupfuura vaya uko isingachinji ruzhinji-Proportional kana nyore ruzhinji hurongwa.

nesarudzo maitiro

Vabve upenyu enyika kunowanzokonzerwa mwoyo nezviremera. Mutemo simba kunoratidzwa panguva remunharaunda chechetere. Nhamba pusa vavhoti anowedzera apo matunhu neminisiparati simba ose enyika kutenderera inoramba kuteerera zvinodiwa vagari.

Kurambwa enyika anouya pashure vakuru havana zvinetso chokuita vagari vomuguta ravo hwezuva nezuva vanhuwo upenyu. Achifananidza kumusika upfumi uye zvematongerwe, mamwe masayendisiti vanozivikanwa muenzaniso inotevera. Electoral maitiro anova kushingaira kana munhu anoziva kuti zviito zvake iye achagamuchira zvimwe mari. Kana upfumi tiri kutaura nezvemari, kuti vavhoti vanoda kuona muupenyu hwako zvaioneka kuchinja nani. Kana vasinganzwi kuuya, ipapo vasingakendengi uye kusada kutaura mutemo.

Nhoroondo kudzidza chinonakidza

Kunzwisisa Chiitiko, inova kuchikoro, zvakatanga mukupera XIX - mangwanani XX remakore. Zvidzidzo Chokutanga rwaiitwa muna Chicago School Enyika Sciences musayendisiti Charles Edward Merriam uye Gossnelom. Muna 1924, ivo akaongorora zvavo vokuAmerica. The kuedza chaiitirwa kuti kuona vavariro evaded sarudzo vavhoti.

Kudzidza wenyaya yemberi mberi Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson uye mamwe masayendisiti munzanga. Muna 1954 Angus Campbell, mubhuku rake rinonzi "The voter akasarudza" kuongorora migumisiro basa ravo vamutangira uye vakavaka yake dzidziso. Vanotsvakurudza vakaona kuti kutora chikamu kana asiri kuita sarudzo vagara vandifungira zvinhu zvinoverengeka, iyo pamwe chete kuumba maitiro ake. By Pakupera XX remakore kwave hypotheses akawanda anotsanangura matambudziko enyika kuti kuchikoro uye ayo dzenharo.

Dzidziso mumagariro guta

Dzidziso iyi akazviratidza nemhaka bhuku "nheyo Social pfungwa," rakanyorwa James Coleman. ave muvambi kushandisa pfungwa imwe "munzanga guta". Izwi rinotsanangura kutaridza seboka ukama munharaunda, iyo inoshanda panheyo pamisika upfumi. Saka, munyori uye akaitumidza "guta".

Pakutanga wakange nechokuita dzidziso Coleman kuti rava kunzi "kuchikoro enyika". Mienzaniso kushandisa pfungwa musayendisiti wakaonekwa pamwe papepa Neil Carlson, John uye Wendy Bram muchikuvadza. With ichi izwi vakatsanangura mutemo mugari kubatanidzwa musarudzo.

Masayendisiti akaenzanisa kuvhoterwa enyika pamwe chokupika mitoro kune vanhuwo vagari venyika. Vagari ichi vane mhinduro yako iri muchimiro kushanyira sarudzo. Chete ari kudyidzana emapoka maviri aya anozvarwa ari hweruzhinji. Elections - a "tsika yokubatana" tsika chokuzvisarudzira munzanga vane yakazaruka zvematongerwo enyika. The zvakawanda kuvimba pakati vavhoti uye musarudzo, ndipo mavhoti uchakandirwa mu nokuvhota bhokisi. Kuuya rangano, munhu haasi chete mumabasa dzezvematongerwo enyika muitiro, asi kuwedzera yayo bhora mhindu. Panguva iyoyowo, ose mugari iri kuwedzera denderedzwa shamwari naye ane nharo kana kuti kuwana kunzwisisa. izvi zvose anovandudza unyanzvi hunodiwa kuitawo sarudzo.

simba vanhu

Kuwedzera mugove kukura wekuongorora, uye guta guru zvakakodzera munzanga iri nesarudzo muitiro vagari. Dzidziso iyi haitsananguri zvakaipira enyika kuchikoro, asi kunoratidza hunhu uye Genesisi. Muenzaniso wakanakisisa nokuda pfungwa iyi Italy, iyo inogona kukamurwa kumatunhu maviri. Kuchamhembe, yakatanga yakatambarara revatema yokushamwaridzana nevanhu pakati vanhu zvakafanana mukirasi, mari, mararamiro, uye zvichingodaro. D. Ndivo nyore kutaura nemumwe otsvaka. Kubva muenzaniso uyu kunowedzera evanhu guta uye kubatana maonero akanaka kurutivi sarudzo.

Zvakasiyana kumaodzanyemba kweItaly, apo yakawanda mupfumi varidzi uye vagari murombo. Pakati pavo nhema rakadzikadzika. munzanga ukama hwakadaro kutwasuka haakonzeri pamwe pakati vagari pachavo. Vanhu vanozviwana chepasi evanhu strata, havachavimbi zvematongerwo enyika, mune zvishoma kufarira musarudzo. Munharaunda iyi, zviri zvikuru zvakafanana enyika kuchikoro. Zvikonzero musiyano kumaodzanyemba kweItaly vari heterogeneous evanhu maumbirwo vanhu.