Nitration pamusoro toluene: Zvaakazoita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Ngatimbotaura sei nitration kuti toluene. Akagadzirira zvakafanana nokutaura zvokuverengera akawandisa semifinished zvigadzirwa wakashandiswa zvaAtemisi zvinoputika, Pharmaceuticals.

Kukosha nitration

Benzene nomukaka sezvo inonhuwirira nitro yeimwe zvinowanikwa ano makemikari indasitiri. Nitrobenzene mu aniline chinhu zvenguva chigadzirwa, anonhuwira, mishonga kugadzirwa. Ndiye rakanakisisa solvent vazhinji Organic yeimwe, kusanganisira cellulose uye nitrite kuumba gelatinous guru naye. Munguva peturu indasitiri rinoshandiswa senzira purifier kuti lubricating anonhuwirira. Kana nitration kuti toluene yakagadzirira benzidine, aniline, aminosalicylic acid, phenylenediamine.

Zvinoitwa nitration

Nitration inozivikanwa Inlet NO2 boka kupinda morekuru zviri makemikari akakura. Zvichienderana kutanga zvinhu, izvi makabva Via yakakura, nucleophilic, electrophilic mashandiro. The zvinoshingaira nezvimedu ave nitronium cations, ions uye radicals NO2. Toluene nitration kuita zvinoreva kutsiviwa. Nokuti mamwe makemikari zvinhu anogona kuzvitsinhanisa nitration, uye kuwedzera kwakapetwa kaviri chisungo.

Nitration kuti toluene mune morekuru zviri anonhuhwirira yeHydrocarbon rinoitwa kushandisa nitrating asidhi (sulfuric uye nitric acids). The tiwedzere rinoratidza ehupfumi sulfuric asidhi somurongi muitiro kunoreva vodotnimayuschego.

gadzira mukana wokuti vanhu vanga

Nitration kuti toluene kunosanganisira kuzvitsinhanisa mumwe rehydrogen atomu kubudikidza nitro. Zano racho richiitwa sei?

Kuti kutsanangura nitration pamusoro toluene, maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga inogona achimiririrwa sezvinotevera:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ar-NO2 + H2 O

Kunoitawo kuti kutongwa chete pamusoro mukuru weboka kukurukurirana, asi haritauri zvose zviri izvi. Chaizvoizvo pane maitiro pakati anonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon uye zvibereko nitric acid.

Yandakapiwa chigadzirwa ane mvura Morekuru, izvozvo akazoita wevasungwa pamusoro nitric acid, nitration kuti toluene saka DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA. Kuitira kudzivisa dambudziko iri, muitiro rinoitwa yakaderera tembiricha vachishandisa nitric asidhi iri zvakawandisa mari.

Kuwedzera sulfuric asidhi sezvo dehydrating vamiririri inoshandiswa , acetic anhydride, polyphosphoric acid, Boron trifluoride. Dzinoita kuti snizat kudyiwa nitric acid, kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kuti kudyidzana.

The nuances acho

The nitration pamusoro toluene paakarondedzerwa mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore V. Markovnikov. Akakwanisa vagadze kubatana pakati kuvapo ari maitiro musanganiswa nekutsvaga sulfuric asidhi uye muitiro chekubuda unodiwa. Mazuva kugadzirwa nitrotoluene anhydrous nitric asidhi zvinoshandiswa, wakabatwa zvishomanana mwero.

Uyezve, sulfonation uye nitration kuti toluene kunosanganisira kushandisa dziripo dehydrating Boron fluoride zvinoriumba. Sumo mariri maitiro muitiro inoita kuderedza mari chigadzirwa yakawanikwa, izvo zvinoita rinowanikwa ari nitration pakati toluene. Kazhinji mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichiyerera muitiro vaiva sezvinotevera:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ar-NO2 + BF3 · H2 O

Pashure pokupedza nemapinduriro mvura kutaurwa, mauri monohydrate Boron fluoride dihydrate siyana. It akabviswa muna vacuüm it, ipapo wedzera karusiyamu fluoride, vodzokera chepakutanga mukomboni fomu.

Specificity kuti nitration

Pane zvimwe zvinhu kwacho chokuita pakusarudza reagents, substrate uchishandisa zvakaitwa. Funga zvimwe zvakawanda zvokusarudza dzavo:

• 60-65 muzana nitric asidhi mune musanganiswa 96 muzana sulfuric asidhi;
• musanganiswa 98% nitric asidhi kuisa sulfuric asidhi kuti maitiro shoma Organic zvinhu;
• potassium nitrate kana Ammonium pamwe kuramba sulfuric asidhi - ndiyo yakanaka sarudzo yokuti pagadzirwe polymer ose nitro yeimwe.

The kinetics pamusoro nitration

Zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, kuwadzana musanganiswa sulfuric uye nitric acids, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov akakwanisa munguva specificity ari kudyidzana. The kwacho kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Nitrosernaya asidhi ari akatanga kuumbwa, izvo kaviri dissociation mu aqueous mhinduro. Nitronium ions vari vakaita pamwe toluene kuti vaumbe ave chigadzirwa nitrotoluene. Kana akawedzera musanganiswa mvura mamorekuru kunoitika munguva deceleration.

In zvokufembedzwa vane makemikari hunhu - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - anobvumira paumbwe nokuo- nga zvinowedzera mwero nitration.

The zvichiguma nitronium nokuo- nga vasiyana anonhuhwirira musimboti toluene, nokudaro kuumbwa zvenguva. Uyezve pane hwepurotoni mukaha, zvichiita kuti paumbwe nitrotoluene.

Nokuti rondedzero pamusoro richiitwa tinogona kufunga paumbwe imwe "Sigma" uye "Pi" kunzwisisa. Education "Sigma" ari zvakaoma ndiro danho kubata mwero-vakaomerwa. The Zvakaitwa zvazvingava wakabatana zvakananga rapidity kuti nitronium nokuo- nga aida kabhoni atomu iri musimboti zvinonhuwirira yeimwe. hwepurotoni kukamurwa kubva toluene rinoitwa zvinenge pakarepo.

Chete mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kungava nezvinetso yokutsiva chokuita chinokosha chikuru kinetic isotope maturo. Izvi nokuda kumhanyisa ari kudzoka kwacho pamberi nezvipingamupinyi akasiyana-siyana.

Pakusarudza tiwedzere uye dehydrating mumiririri pamwe kuramba sulfuric iine acid muitiro pane zvakanyatsoenzana kuchinja kurutivi paumbwe kuita zvinhu.

mhedziso

It akaumba ari nitration pakati toluene nitrotoluene, riri chibereko chinokosha makemikari indasitiri. Hazvina fuma iyi ndiyo putika remubatanidzwa saka kudiwa mu nenyunje kushandiswa. Pakati zvinetso zvemhoteredzo chokuita ayo maindasitiri gadzira, cherechedza kushandiswa wandei kuramba sulfuric acid.

Kutsungirira dambudziko iri, mishonga vari kutsvaka nzira yokuderedza tsvina sulfuric asidhi yakawanikwa mushure nitration rikurumidze. Somuenzaniso, muitiro rinoitwa panguva yakaderera kutonhora, svikiro inoshandiswa nyore regenerable. Sulfuric asidhi ane simba oxidizing ehupfumi, izvo isakarurama kunokanganisa ngura kuti simbi ichiwedzerwa ngozi zvipenyu. In zvaidiwa zvose vakachengeteka nemitemo zvinobvira kutsungirira matambudziko aya, kuwana yepamusoro nitro yeimwe.