Nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yehurumende, maitiro emamiriro (muchidimbu)

Nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yehurumende yakabatana zvikuru, nokuti nhamba yehurongwa inzira yekunyora yakadai sechinhu chisingazivikanwi sechiverengero. Iyi nhaurwa haisi kushanda zvakananga kumunda wemasvomhu, nokuti izvi zvose chikamu chinokosha chetsika yevanhu sevanhu vose. Nokudaro, apo nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba dzehurumende dziri kuongororwa, zvimwe zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwezvisikwa zvakasikwa zvakagadziriswa pfupi. Zvirongwa zvachose zvakakamurwa kuva positional, kwete-nzvimbo uye zvakasanganiswa. Izvo zvinosanganisira iyo yose nhoroondo ye nhamba uye nhamba dzemaitiro. Positional systems ndiyo iyo inenge iyo inorehwa nejeri mukupinda kwepamusoro kunobva panzvimbo yayo. Mune zvisiri-maitiro masangano, maererano naizvozvo, hakuna hutsika hwakadaro. Vanhu vakaita zvirongwa zvakakanganiswa.

Chidzidzo chehurongwa hwechikoro pachikoro

Nhasi, chidzidzo "Nhoroondo yemanhamba uye nhamba dzenhamba" inobatanidzwa mu 9 grade mukati megadziriro yekambani mumashandisi epakombiyuta. Iyo yakakosha kukosha kwayo ndeyokukudzidzisa iwe kushandura nhamba kubva pane imwe nhamba yehuwandu kuenda pane imwe (kutanga pazvose, kubva kumadhindi kusvika kumabhinari). Zvisinei, nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba dzehurumende ndeyechikamu chechikamu chezvakaitika seyakazara uye chinogona kuyanisa nyaya iyi yechikoro chikoro pamwe chete. Inogonawo kugadzirisa nzira dzedzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasimbiswa nhasi. Mukugadzirisa nzira yakawanda yezvakaitika kare, musimboti, kwete chete nhoroondo yehupfumi hwezvemari, hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika, mapurisa nehondo zvinogona kuongororwa, asiwo kune zvishoma zvishoma nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba dzemaitiro. 9 kirasi munharaunda ye informatics munyaya iyi inogona kuitika munharaunda yekuendesa kwenhamba kubva kune imwe nzira kuenda kune imwe kuti ipe nhamba yakawanda kwazvo yemuenzaniso kubva pane zvakambotambudzwa. Uye mienzaniso iyi haisi kunze kwekunakidza, iyo icharatidzwa pasi apa.

Kubva kwenhamba dzenhamba

Zvakaoma kutaura nguva, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, kuti munhu akadzidza sei kuverenga (sezvisingakwanisi kuwana kuziva kana, uye zvakakosha, kuti mutauro wakamuka sei). Zvinongozivikanwa chete kuti vanhu vese vekare vanga vaine maitiro avo ezvinyorwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yenhamba yakatanga munguva yekugara-mberi. Matombo nemapfupa hazvigone kutitaurira zvakaitika mumoyo wemunhu, uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakanga zvisati zvasikwa. Zvichida, nhoroondo yacho yaidiwa kumunhu ari kugoverana kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kana zvakawanda gare gare, ikozvino panguva yeNolithic revolution, ndiko kuti, pakuchinja kune zvekurima, kuitira kupatsanurwa kwemazana emunda. Chero zvidzidzo panyaya iyi zvichange zvisina kufanira. Asi mamwe mafungiro anogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nekudzidza nhoroondo yemitauro yakasiyana.

Nzira dzeiyo nhamba yekare kare

Nzira yakagadzirwa kare yekambani iyi inopesana nemafungiro e "mumwe" - "vazhinji". Izvi zvinonzwisisika kwatiri nokuti mumaRussia emazuva ano kune nhamba imwe chete uye yakawanda. Asi mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yekare kwaivawo nenhamba mbiri dzekutsanangurwa kwezvinhu zviviri. Yaiva mumitauro yekutanga yeIndo-European, kusanganisira Old Russian. Nokudaro, nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yenhamba yakatanga nekuparadzanisa kwemashoko "rimwe", "maviri", "vazhinji". Zvisinei, kunyange mumatende akare kare akazivikanwa kwatiri, maitiro akawandisa ekuverengwa kwenhamba akaumbwa.

Nhamba yeMesopotamian inyoresa

Isu tinoshandiswa kuita chokwadi chokuti nhamba yehurumende ndeyekupedzisira. Izvi zvinonzwisisika: pamaoko eminwe gumi. Asi zvisinei nhoroondo yekutaridzika kwenhamba uye nhamba dzenhamba dzakapfuura nepakati dzakaoma kunzwisisa. Iyo Mesopotamian number system ndiyo makumi matanhatu. Nokuti ichiri muawa iyoyo maminitsi makumi matanhatu, uye muminiti - masekondi makumi matanhatu. Nokudaro, gore rinopatsanurwa nenhamba yemwedzi, yakawanda ye 60, uye zuva rakakamurwa nenhamba imwechete yeawa. Pakutanga, yakanga iri sundial, kureva kuti, mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva 1/12 mazuva matsvuku (munharaunda yezuva rezuva raIraq yainge isina nguva yakawanda). Kwenguva refu yakareba gare gare maawa akatanga kusarudzwa kwete nezuva uye akawedzera maawa 12 eusiku.

Zvinonakidza kuti zviratidzo zveiyi makumi matanhatu ehurumende dzakanyorwa, sokunge iine chirevo chechipiri - pane zviratidzo zviviri chete (nokuda kwekutsanangurwa kwechikwata uye gumi nemaviri, kwete matanhatu uye kwete makumi matanhatu, iyo gumi nevaviri), nhamba dzaiwanikwa nekubatanidza zviratidzo izvi. Zvinotyisa kunyange kufungidzira kuti zvakanga zvakaoma sei kunyora pasi chero nhamba huru iyo nenzira iyi.

Nhoroondo yekare yeIjipiti yenhamba

Uye nhoroondo yezviverengero mu decimal decimal system, uye kushandiswa kwemifananidzo yakawanda kunyoresa nhamba kwakatanga neVaEgipita vekare. Vakabatanidza hieroglyphs iyo yakaratidza imwe, zana, chiuru, chiuru gumi, zana zana, mamiriyoni nemamiriyoni gumi, zvichireva nhamba inodiwa. Urongwa hwakadaro hwakanga huri nyore kupfuura yeMesopotamian system, iyo yakashandisa zviratidzo zviviri chete. Asi yaive nechirwere chakajeka: zvakanga zvakaoma kunyora pasi nhamba yakawanda kudarika mamiriyoni gumi. Ichokwadi, mararamiro ekare eEgypt, kufanana nehupfumi hweNyika Yekare, haana kusangana nhamba dzakadaro.

Tsamba dzechiGiriki mune zvinyorwa zvemasvomhu

Nhoroondo yekuzivikanwa kweEurope, sayenzi, kufunga kwezvematongerwe enyika uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinotanga muzviitiko zvakawanda mukare kare Hellas ("Hellas" ndiro zita, rinoshandiswa kupfuura "Greece" rakagadzirwa nevaRoma). Yakagadziriswa mune inobudirira yakavewo ruzivo rwemasvomhu. Nhamba dzeHerenesen dzakanga dzanyorwa pasi netsamba. Tsamba imwe neimwe yakaratidza nhamba imwe neimwe kubva pa1 kusvika ku9, gumi kubva gumi kusvika kune makumi matatu uye mazana maviri kubva pa100 kusvika ku 900. Chiuru chimwe chete chakanga chakarehwa netsamba imwechete seye, asi nechimwe chiratidzo chiri pedyo netsamba yacho. Mamiriro acho akatendera kunyange nhamba huru kuti dzigadzirwe nemanyoro maduku.

Slavic nhamba yehurumende semuzinda weHenenic

Nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba dzehurongwa hazvizadzike pasina mazwi mashomanana pamusoro pemadzitateguru edu. Cyrillic alfabheti inozivikanwa kuti yakavakirwa paHerenenic alphabet, saka svondo yeSlavic yekunyora nhamba yakanga yakavakirwawo kuHerenenic alphabet. Pano, zvakare, mumagwaro ega, nhamba imwe neimwe kubva pa1 kusvika ku9, gumi kubva gumi kusvika kune makumi mana, uye gumi kubva pa100 kusvika ku 900. Haisi mazita echiGiriki chete akashandiswa, asi Cyrillic kana Glagolitic. Paivawo nechiitiko chinonakidza: pasinei nokuti magwaro echiGiriki panguva iyoyo, uye mavara eSlavic kubva pakutanga kwezvakanyorwa zvavo akanyorwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, maSlavic mifananidzo yakanyorwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, kureva kuti, tsamba dzinoreva makumi makumi dzakapiwa kurudyi rwemashoko anoreva zvinyorwa, tsamba , Kutaurira mazana kune kodzero dzezvinyorwa zvinoreva makumi gumi, nezvimwewo.

Attic simplification

Masayendisiti echiGiriki akasvika pane dzakakwirira zvikuru. Kukunda kwevaRoma hakuna kukanganisa kutsvakurudza kwavo. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kuburikidza nehumwe uchapupu, Aristarko weSamos kwemazana emakore mazana mapfumbamwe Copernicus isati yatanga Hliocentric system yenyika. Mune zvose izvi zvakaoma kunzwisisa Masayendisiti echiGiriki akabatsirwa netsamba yavo yekunyora.

Asi kune vanhuwo zvavo, semuenzaniso, vatengesi, hurongwa hwacho hwaiwanzooma zvikuru: kuti uhushandise, hwaifanira kutora chiyeuchidzo nhamba dzemazita makumi maviri nembiri (panzvimbo pekuverenga kwenhamba yezvimiridzo gumi zvinodzidziswa nevana vechikoro vemazuva ano). Nokudaro, imwe nzira yakareruka, inonzi Attica (Attica - nzvimbo yeHellas, panguva imwe yaitungamirira munzvimbo yacho yose uye kunyanya mumabhizimisi ekutengeserana kwenharaunda yacho, sezvo guta guru reAttica rakanga rakakurumbira Athene). Munyika iyi, nhamba chete, zvishanu, gumi, zana, chiuru chimwe nezana gumi yakazozivikanwa sezvinyorwa zvakasiyana. Icho chinopinda zviratidzo zvitanhatu chete - zviri nyore kwazvo kuyeuka, uye kuverenga kwakaoma kwazvo, vatengesi vakanga vasina kubudisa.

Nhamba dzeRoma

Uye nhamba yehuwandu, uye nhoroondo yemadhairi eVaRoma vekare, uye mumusoro wezvakaitwa nesayenzi ndeyekuenderera mberi kweGreekenic history. IAttic system yakashandiswa senheyo, mazita echiGiriki chete akatsiviwa netsamba dzechiLatini uye akawedzera zita rakatsaurwa remakumi mashanu nemazana mashanu. Muchiitiko ichi, masayendisiti akapfuurira kuita zviyero zvakaoma mumitauro yavo neHenenenic system yekunyora mumabhii makumi maviri nematatu (uye ivo ivo pachavo vanowanzonyora magwaro echiGiriki).

Nzira yeRoma yokunyora nhamba haigoni kunzi yakanyanya kukwana. Kunyanya, yakawanda zvikuru kupfuura yekare yeRussia. Asi zvakaitika kare zvakaitika kuti zvichiri kuchengetedzwa pane imwe nhamba dzeArabic (dzinodanwa). Uye kukanganwa iyi nzira inoshandiswa, rega kushandisa hazvina kukosha. Kunyanya, nhasi, nhamba dzezviverengero dzinowanzoratidzwa nenhamba dzeArabhu, uye vaRoma vane nhamba dzese .

Great ancient Indian inventory

Mifananidzo yatinoshandisa nhasi, yakaonekwa pakutanga kuIndia. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi apo nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yehuwandu yakashandura ichi chinokosha, asi, zvichida, kwete mushure mezana remakore rechi5 kubva pakuberekwa kwaKristu. Inowanzosimbiswa kuti yaiva maIndia avo vakagadzira pfungwa ye zero. Iyi pfungwa yaizivikanwa nemasvomhu uye mamwe mararamiro, asi chaizvoizvo nzira yevaIndia yakabvumirwa kuinyatsonyora mumabhuku ezvinyorwa, uye naizvozvo pakuverenga.

Kuparadzirwa kweIndia system ye radixing paPasi

Zvichida muzana remakore IX, mifananidzo yeIndia yakakwereta maArab. Kunyange zvazvo veEurope vaisakanganwa nhaka yekare, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo kunyange panguva imwechete kunyange vakaiparadza nemaune sehedheni, maArabhu akanyatsochengetedza kubudirira kwevaGiriki vekare nevaRoma. Kubvira pakutanga kwekukundwa kwavo, shanduro dzevanyori vekare muArabic dzakave zvinhu zvekutengesa. Chaizvoizvo, kuburikidza nemitambo yevadzidzi veArabhu, vekuMiddle Europe vakawanazve nhaka yevanofunga zvekare. Pamwe chete nemitauro iyi yakauya kuIndia, iyo muEurope yakatanga kunzi Arabhu. Havana kugamuchirwa pakarepo, nokuti kuvanhu vazhinji vakanga vasinganzwisisiki kupfuura vaRoma. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma ruzivo rwemasvomhu kuverenga nekubatsirwa kwezviratidzo izvi rwakakundwa nekusaziva. Kutungamirirwa kwenyika dzeEurope dzakabatanidzwa zvakakonzera kuti izvo zvinonzi zvizvarwa zveArabia zvakapararira pasi rose uye zvino zvashandiswa pose pose.

Iyo bhinary system yemakombiyuta emazuva ano

Nekuuya kwemakombiyuta, mashoma emiganhu ye ruzivo yakave yakagadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba dzehurumende hazvina kuitika. Mufananidzo wekombiyuta yekutanga haisi kutaridzika semichina yezuva ranhasi, pamusoro pekuverenga kwauri kuverenga nyaya ino, asi basa rezvose zviri zviviri rinowanikwa pane bhinary system , code inosanganisira zeros chete. Nokuda kwemazuva ose, zvinoshamisa kuti kushandiswa kwekuenzanisa zviratidzo zviviri chete (chaizvoizvo chiratidzo kana kusavapo) zvinokwanisika kuita zvinyanya kuoma kuverenga uye zvisingatauriki (kana pane chirongwa chakakodzera) kushandura nhamba mumadhipatimendi emadhora e calculus kuva nhamba mumabhinari, hexadecimal, hexadecimal Uye chero imwe nzira. Uye nerubatsiro rwekombiyuta yakadaro sepamusoro pekuongorora, nyaya ino inoratidzwa, iyo inoratidzira nhoroondo yenhamba uye nhamba yehurumende yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana munhoroondo.