Nhaka Sex-chokuita (tsananguro)

Vazhinji zvipenyu (isingawanzopotswi kunze), ramangwana ndezvaiye ichi kana kuti bonde zvoutachiona akatsunga panguva apo muchangosangana kunoitika, uye zvinoenderana worudzii bonde okutodza vanowira zygote. Muchiitiko chino, pane zvimwe izvo zvinogona okune vanhurume kana vanhukadzi imwe mhando. zviratidzo zvakadai sokunge zvakabatana chaizvo mumwe pavo, "chokuita" pasi. Ndechipi nhaka zvepabonde kwakabatana uye nei zvimwe zvirwere sei chete varume kana chete vakadzi? Tichaedza kupindura mubvunzo uyu wakaoma.

Mukomana kana musikana?

Usati watanga kupindura mubvunzo, chii nhaka zvepabonde kwakabatana, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti Saizvozvowo pane paumbwe munhukadzi kana munhurume muviri. Sezvo vaverengi ino ndezvaJehovha mhando Homo sapiens, zvechokwadi vachava dzinonakidza kwazvo kudzidza nezvekuti izvi zviri kuitwa nevanhu. Kunoda kunzwisisa zvakataurwa genetics dzepabonde: nhaka unhu, bonde-kwakabatana, anoenderera mberi chaizvo zvakananga zvenhengo uye kudiwa kunzwisisa mitemo inokosha paumbwe zvipenyu zviri varume navakadzi akasiyana.

Saka, muchitokisi kwevanhu ose ane 46 okutodza. Izvi, vamiririri akasiyana zvoutachiona pabonde 22 fanana yezvinoita. okutodza izvi vanonzi "autosomes." Chete peya imwe - kurara okutodza - vamiririri ane simba uye wakanaka pabonde vamwe kusiyana. Vakadzi, pabonde okutodza akafanana: vane mbiri X (X) - chromosome. Varume, zvepabonde okutodza akasiyana yakarongeka, rimwe riri X-chokuita, uye wechipiri - V (Y) - chromosome. Sezvineiwo, Y-chromosome anotakura vashoma magene. Sex-yakabatana nhaka muenzaniso kunobva kwemajini vari kutumirwa pamusoro bonde okutodza.

Saizvozvowo, kurara nhaka haisi zvose zvipenyu. Vamwe shiri regai kutakura murume waro genome Y okutodza: runoita izvi chete rwaamai X chromosome. Panewo zvipenyu umo kukura munhukadzi muviri kunoda Y chromosome, mukono, nekusiyana, vari vatakuri vaviri X okutodza.

Homogametic uye heterogamety

By ndezvipi zvikonzero imwe zygote "kuwana" mbiri X okutodza, nepo vamwe vari Y-chromosome? Izvi imhaka yokuti munguva kuibvisa pamusoro gametes, kureva meiosis, ose mazai vasvike 22 "vakakwana" bonde chromosome uye mumwe X chromosome. Ndiko, ari munhukadzi muviri akafanana gametes. Mbeu masero akafanana pane mhando mbiri: chaizvo hafu yavo anotakura pabonde X chromosome, apo vamwe "kuwana" Y-chromosome.

Floor, wezvamatongerwe fanana gamete kubudikidza bonde okutodza, anonzi "homogametic". Kana gamete zvakasiyana - Iye heterogametic. Vanhu heterogamety varume, vakadzi homogametic.

Ndoupi dzisingaoneki kuchaita isa fotereza zai kunobva mukana. Saka, aine ndingangokuvara 50/50 zygote anogamuchira maviri X-okutodza kana X uye Y okutodza. Sezvingatarisirwa, mumutsetse wokutanga, musikana pachava rechipiri - mukomana. Chokwadi, kungava anosiyiwa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, vasikana vari genome rwaUriya-chromosome kana vari vatakuri asina kukwana yakatarwa majini, kureva, mumasero dzavo pane chimwe chete pabonde chromosome. Zvisinei, izvi ndizvo - isingawanzowanikwi chaizvo nyaya.

Sei chiratidzo zvinogona 'akabatanidza "pamwe pasi?

Zvino kuti muverengi anoziva munhui genetics, nhaka, concatenated pamwe pasi, zvichava kunzwisiswa zviri nani mashandiro. Okutodza nevamwe vezvenhau: vanamba womunhu mumwe muviri anova muridzi ane "raibhurari" remabhuku 46, izvo exhaustively kutsanangura maitiro zvose uye zvinoitwa muviri wake. Kuwanda kwemashoko kuti zvirimowo muchitokisi dzevanhu ose, kusvikira 1.5 gigabytes! Uyezve, mumwe chromosome chine yakananga chikamu: ziso uye bvudzi ruvara, munwe nounyanzvi, bhuku ndangariro pfupi, katsika kufuta ... okutodza dzine unyanzvi hwakasiyana: vamwe vari kukonzera muviri, apo vamwe - nokuti ziso ruvara, kana mwero kwemasayendisiti etsinga .. . Zvisinei, nokuti majini hombe ruzivo yakanyorwa pamusoro mapuroteni mamorekuru - makemikari, izvo kuona zvinhu nokushanda kwenhengo womunhu muviri.

Part mashoko kuvabereki encoded uye pabonde okutodza. Saka, zviratidzo izvo "yakanyorwa" okutodza izvi, anogona chete kuchinjirwa vamiririri pazvinhu zvipenyu pabonde: iri zvepabonde chokuita Gene nhaka. Saka, tinogona kuswedera papfungwa inokosha. Kana majini iri rimwe bonde okutodza, ari nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu kutaura pamusoro Chiitiko nhaka unhu, pabonde-zvakabatana. Panyaya iyi, nhaka unhu izvi ane nhamba zvinhu vava munzira dzakawanda vacharatidza pacharo akasiyana Vanhurume nevanhukadzi zvinenge.

Zvidzidzo okutanga

Genetics akaona kuti nhaka ziso ruvara muna Drosophila kunobatanidza iri zvakananga novimba chechikadzi vanhu vari yokuisira ose alleles siyana. Majini kuti anosarudza kukura tsvuku-ziso ndihwo pamusoro "chena takangwaririra" Gene. Kana varume maziso matsvuku, apo vanhukadzi - chena, ipapo rokutanga chizvarwa vana akatiwanira wakaenzana uwandu vakadzi uye varume vane tsvuku nemaziso chena. Kana tinowana mwana munhurume nemaziso chena uye tsvuku takangwaririra munhukadzi, iwe tora munhu wakaenzana nhamba vechirume dzvuku takangwaririra. Saka, mukono phenotype ari recessive unhu kunoratidza pacharo kakawanda kupfuura vakadzi. Izvi kumanikidzwa kuti mhedziso kuti majini ziso ruvara iri pamusoro X chromosome, izvo zvinoreva kuti nhaka ziso ruvara muna Drosophila - ndiyo nhaka unhu, pamwe paburiro.

Specificity kwakabatana nhaka uriri

nhaka Sex-chokuita vane unhu. Vari chokuita chokwadi chokuti Y-chromosome anotakura vashomanana majini pane X chromosome. Saka, nokuti majini akawanda, izvo iri X chromosome, izvo zvakaitika mukono muviri, hapana alleles musi Y-chromosome. Saka, chero recessive Gene kuti Anovhura X chromosome havagoni kuva allelic Gene pamusoro Y chromosome, izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvo vachaonekwa vari phenotype.

Zvinofanira kutsanangura apa. Allele inzira imwe chete Gene. Allele anogona kuva mhando mbiri dzinokosha: hukuru uye recessive. Panyaya iyi, chikuru allele ari genotype hazvo inoratidza pacharo phenotypically uye recessive - chete kana ngachipiwe mune homozygous mamiriro. Kuenzanisira, unogona kukonzera nhaka ziso ruvara muvanhu. Ruvara kunoenderana uwandu rwe-melanin ari Iris ruvara. Kana maziso shoma-melanin uchava wakajeka, kana zvizhinji - rima. Panyaya iyi, nokuti rima ziso ruvara hune allele ndiye anokonzera kana aine ari genome, mwana achava shava takangwaririra. Hazvina basa kana zvose majini vari rave kana recessive mumwe, kureva kana mwana ari nhandare pamusoro homo- kana heterozygous. Asi zvitema maziso - tichishandisa "muduku" mutation, iro zvinodzorwa nerimwe recessive allele. zvitema takangwaririra vanhu vose vari vatakuri vaviri recessive alleles, kureva ivo homozygous kuti hwaro ziso ruvara. Hukuru Gene, sezvo zviri pachena kubva zita raro, chitonge recessive kana mwana mumwe ari genome ane Gene kuti anoita Ruvara Iris, kureva, recessive allele havagoni kutaura pachavo phenotypically.

Zvisinei, vasikana okutodza mune iyi zvakasiyana. Evanhu Y-chromosome akasiyana X chromosome kukura kwavo uye chimiro: chaizvo sokunge harisi muchinjikwa, sezvinoita vamwe mashoko okutodza, uye tsamba Y. Naizvozvo, vamwe majini, izvo riri pamusoro payo acharatidza kunyange kana kuchava chimwe chete recessive kutevedzera: ichi pabonde linkage rakasiyana nemamwe marudzi nhaka.

X-yakabatana recessive chirwere

Sex linkage, zvinokosha zvikuru kuti zvokurapa genetics, nekuti panguva pane anenge mazana matatu majini recessive kuti vari mupasi riri X chromosome uye kukonzera nemagene zvirwere. zvirwere zvakadai zvinosanganisira hemophilia, myopathy, chirwere chinonzi muscular dystrophy, ichthyosis, kusimba X chromosome chirwere, hydrocephalus, uye nezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda.

Sex-yakabatana nhaka nevanhu rinoitwa sezvinotevera. Kana zvemamiriro Gene iri mune rimwe X okutodza womukadzi, vanasikana vake kuwana hafu uye hafu yevanakomana. Panyaya iyi, musikana, ane genome yakanga yaipa chromosome, vave vatakuri hosha; iri phenotype pamusoro mutant Gene haana kukanganiswa sezvo mwanasikana anogamuchira hwandaiva X chromosome kubva baba vake. Asi mukomana vachatambura kubva chirwere, ndiko kuti "kuwana" naye nhaka kubva mai vake, nokuda chikuru allele zviri Gene muna Y chromosome asingadi. chinhu ichi zvakakosha kuti funga kana kusarudza mabasa nhaka pabonde-zvakabatana.

Nhaka X-chokuita recessive chirwere nani yakaoma hunhu. Somuenzaniso, yakafanana chirwere, kazhinji pakati pehama murwere, unowanikwa rwaamai babamunini uye vazukuru, avo vakaberekwa hanzvadzi waamai.

Dominatnye X-chokuita nezvirwere

zvirwere izvi zvinogona kuitika mune aroorane. Mumwe anogona kumbotipa mienzaniso nhaka yakadaro, bonde-chokuita sezvo hypophosphatemic kusimba uye rima zino enamel.

Kutambura kubva X-chokuita chikuru kukanganisika vakadzi anogara kaviri kupfuura vanhu. Sick mukadzi ane mukana 50% vose transmits hosha kuvana vavo, uye murume anorwara - vanasikana chete.

Dzimwe nguva, nhaka zvepabonde zvakabatana Inogona kuchengetwa dererei zvirwere kuti vari kuparadza varume fetuses saka vakadzi kunowedzera mukana wokuti vaingoerekana pamuviri.

Anogona kukonzera zvikuru mienzaniso nhaka, pabonde-zvakabatana. Regai chirwere chakadai Urinary ruvara kana melanoblastoz Bloch-Sultsberga. Urinary ruvara kuwanikwa chete vakadzi: kune ngozi Gene kune murume mudumbu. Muviri vasikana vanotambura nezvirwere izvi, pane rashes dziri matema. Mushure chimbi kuenda, ruvara rweganda anowanzoramba muchimiro pfapfaidzo uye eddies. 80% wevarwere, pane dzimwe kutyorwa: malformations kwouropi kukura uye nhengo dzomukati, maziso uye skeletal hurongwa.

hemophilia

Kune akawanda nhaka zvirwere zvinowanikwa chete chete pabonde. Sezvo muenzaniso kuti bonde linkage, hemophilia iri anenge ose bhuku. Hemophilia chirwere umo ropa asingadi coagulate. mabasa vakawanda yakatsaurirwa hemophilia zvepabonde chokuita nhaka: Unogona kutaura kuti izvi ndizvo zvinenge bhuku muenzaniso. Pasinei chokwadi kuti hemophilia hariwanikwi, kuvapo kwayo unozivikanwa kuti anenge munhu wose. Izvi hazvishamisi, kwakanyorwa dzinongoita vakatsunga nzira munhau yeRussia. Iye akatambura wamambo wenhaka Nicholas II Tsesarevich Aleksey.

Kunyange duku cut iyo inogona kukonzera ropa rakawanda. Zvisinei, ngozi haasi chete ropa chokuita havachanyatsogoni ganda kuvimbika. A nengozi noupenyu varwere vari intraenteric, intracranial ropa, uye pahuro, uyewo ropa majoini. Muchiitiko chino, haemophilia hakubviri kuporeswa varwere vane hwose kugamuchira kuzvitsinhanisa zvinodhaka, izvo zvisina kuzivikanwa kumusoro kunyatsoshanda.

Ko vakadzi vanotambura haemophilia?

Vanhu vazhinji isiri iyo kuti vakadzi havatamburi kubva hemophilia. Zvisinei, hazvina kudaro: fair pabonde, zvakare, vanotambura ichi chirwere inotyisa. Zvisinei, zvinoitika chaizvo kashoma. Zvikuru, vakadzi vari vatakuri majini kuti zvichaitwa chirwere.

Mukadzi wenhumbi mumwe bonde okutodza ane recessive Gene predetermining incoagulability ropa. Kana paine genotype kuti hukuru allele kuti Gene ichi, chirwere hakuiti unooneka. Zvisinei, kana mukadzi ane mukomana, izvo vanopinda recessive Gene, iye vacharatidza hemophilia. Asi kune hemophilia kwakaitika vasikana vanoda mukadzi vatakuri Gene akaroorwa murume hemophilia (asi kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mukana yokuberekwa musikana achava akaenzana 25%). Muzviitiko zvakadaro zvakaoma akati: Chokutanga, asi hemophilia jini zvisinganyanyi kuitika, uye chepiri vanhu vanotambura nezvirwere ichi ngozi kashoma kurarama kune pamuviri zera.

Meaning anoti kudzidza zvepabonde linkage

Kuongorora kuti kuenda nhaka dzepabonde-chokuita nounhu kwakakosha kuti vanhu. Izvi imhaka zvikurukuru kuti zvepabonde chokuita nhaka zvirwere zvakawanda, kusanganisira ngozi upenyu hwevanhu. Zvichida munguva yemberi zvichaita kukwanisa kusika itsva nzira kurapa zvirwere zvakadai, yakavakirwa zvinokonzerwa zvakananga pamusoro kwevanhu genome, inova mutakuri munhu pathological allele. Uyezve, kutsvakurudza kwakadaro kunokosha guru basa kukura pezvakaitwa kuti nokukurumidza chirwere kwezvirwere zvepabonde zvakabatana. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha nezvirwere dzinoitwa metabolic nepfungwa: The kwokutanga wotanga kurapwa, zvikuru kubudirira achagona kuzadzisa.

Genetics kune nzvimbo inokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Pashure pezvose, sayenzi iyi inogona kutsanangura sei mashandiro majini evanhu, kusanganisira avo vari pathological zviratidzo. Pane boka zviratidzo anokonzerwa nhaka iyo bonde okutodza. Ndechipi nhaka zvepabonde zvakabatana? The Tsanangudzo inoti kuti kutamira zviratidzo, iro mutoro majini, izvo riri pabonde okutodza.