Network uye zvakarukwa rwokugadzira. Network ruzivo rwokugadzira

Nhasi, network uye nomumbure michina kubatanidza vanhu munyika yose uye dzinovapa kuwana guru muumbozha munyika - kukurukurirana kwevanhu. Vanhu pasina kupindira dzevakurukuri uye kutamba neshamwari dzako vari mune dzimwe nyika.

Zviitiko vanozivikanwa pasi pose seconds. Mumwe anogona kubatanidza Indaneti uye akaisa chidimbu ake mashoko.

Network ruzivo rwokugadzira: midzi yavo mavambo

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura dzevanhu ibudirire nayo yakaumbwa zviviri zvayo kwesayenzi uye kwesayenzi maindasitiri kukosha - kombiyuta uye telecommunication michina. About kota zana zvose maindasitiri aya kunge wakashanduka-shanduka vakazvimirira, uye mukati kwavari, ukuwo, kombiyuta uye foni network zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira kota ramakumi maviri remakore somugumisiro dzidziso uye interpenetration izvi pamatavi maviri ruzivo kwevanhu, uye pakanga ratinoti shoko rokuti "zvakarukwa michina" ari subset chezvinhu mamwemazwi pfungwa "Michina mashoko".

Somugumisiro pakuonekwa kwavo kwakanga mutsva rwokugadzira yechimurenga munyika. Sezvinongoita mashomanana emakore asati nyika yayo pamusoro inotaurwa samambure mikuru, pakupera remakore rapfuura, nyika dzose, maguta nemisha, mabhizimisi uye masangano uyewo mumisha yevanhu vakanga ukama "mashoko superhighway." Zvisinei, vose vave zvinhu zvakasiyana network date hutachiwana pakati makombiyuta, umo vamwe Michina mashoko yedzimudzangara yave ichizadzika.

Network Technology: pfungwa uye vanogutsikana

Network zvemichina kwakakwanira pavakwe date-kubudiswa Network coherent kuisa mitemo kumiririrwa uye kupararira mashoko, chinozoiswa somunhu vanonzi "mureza protocols", uyewo Hardware uye software, kusanganisira samambure adapters nevatyairi, netambo uye internet optic, zvakasiyana connectors ( connectors).

"Nekuringana" zvinoreva kuti zvakaoma ayo minimization kuti, apo kuramba mukana rokuvaka handiyo network. Zvinofanira zvinogona kuvandudza Somuenzaniso, nokusika nayo subnets, yaida kushandisa protocols panguva dzakasiyana-siyana mumatunhu, uyewo spetskommunikatorov, inowanzonzi kunzi "routers". With kuvandudzika ari paIndaneti kwava nokukurumidza uye zvakawanda yakavimbika, asi vachikanganisa yokushanyira superstructures pamusoro runotikurudzira rezvebonde Michina chezvinonhuwira kwayo hwaro.

Shoko rokuti "zvakarukwa michina" chinonyanya inowanzoshandiswa pamusoro yakamanikana pfungwa, asi kazhinji zviri zvakare broadly zvichishandurwa sezvo chero remataurirwo uye kuvakwa mamwe network, akadai "dzomunharaunda kombiyuta networking michina."

A kumumvuri samambure michina

The kumumvuri chokutanga nomumbure kombiyuta, asi vasati pomumbure pacharo, akatanga ari 60-80s. yokupedzisira remakore, multi-inouraya hurongwa. Vanouya kutaridza tarisisa uye keyboard, izvo dziri takawanda kure mainframe uye richibatanidza kwavari vachishandisa runhare modems kana was mitsetse, zviteshi kubva panzvimbo yeImba ITC uye takaendeswa chivakwa.

Panguva iyoyowo, kunze kombiyuta opareta kuna ITC, vanoshandisa zvose vanopiwa mukana kupinda zviteshi keypad mabasa avo uye akuteerere nokuurayiwa dzavo pamusoro tarisisa, uye achiita zvimwe kushandiswa basa zvakanaka. Izvi Hurongwa kuti kushandisa zvose algorithms kuparadzana nguva uye batch mangé kubudiswa, rinonzi kure basa kupinda enyika.

WANs

Pashure multi-chinouraya enyika mukupera 60s. Twentieth remakore. It akasikwa uye wokutanga mhando samambure - munyika kombiyuta Network (GCS). Vakasungira vakasimudza supercomputers zvaiitika makopi kuroorwa uye kuchengeta rakasiyana mashoko uye Software pamakombiyuta makuru, akaagadzika dzimwe madaro kusvika zviuru makiromita, vachishandisa runhare network uye modems. Izvi samambure michina akambopiwa kuchiedzwa multi-chinouraya gadziriro.

The SSC yokutanga muna 1969 akava ARPANET, uyo aishanda US Department of Defense uye integrates heterogeneous makombiyuta nedzimwe uchishandisa hurongwa. Vakanga vakagadzirira pamwe dopmoduley nokuda nokuziva kukurukurirana paIndaneti protocols, zvakajairika kuti nhengo dzose nomumbure makombiyuta. Rakanga riri zvinokosha yake samambure michina yakashandiswa parizvino dzakabudirira.

Muenzaniso convergence kombiyuta uye telecommunication network vokutanga

GCS nhaka kubatana kubva vakuru yose network - .. Telephone, kureva kuti vateye mitsetse mutsva daro refu zvakanga inodhura kwazvo. Naizvozvo, kwemakore akawanda vakashandisa inzwi analoginen mugero kuti hutachiwana pane imwe nguva chete kukurukura chete. Digital mashoko ari Kutamiswa pamusoro yakaderera chaizvo kukurumidza (makumi ezviuru kbit / s), uye kukwanisa kushomeka nokupfuuridzirwa date mafaira uye e-mail.

Zvisinei, nhaka norunhare, VVZR haana kutora zvavo makirisito michina, kwakavakirwa nheyo redunhu nokuchinja, kana hangaiwa nomumwe subscribers dzose chechikamu nguva vakamira mugero pane kugara nokukurumidza. The GCS akashandisa itsva kombiyuta Network michina, kwakavakirwa nheyo packet nokuchinja, umo mashoko ari muchimiro zvikamu duku omumasherufu pamwero chenguva anopiwa mune unswitched rezvebonde uye nokugamuchirwa vanogamuchira kwavo zvakarukwa kero Codes midzi muna packet headers.

vamutangira LANs

The chidzoke mukupera 70s. Twentieth remakore. LSI zvakakonzera nokuumba Mini-kombiyuta ine mari yakaderera uye akapfuma functionality. Vakatanga here kukwikwidzana pamwe makombiyuta makuru.

Vava mukurumbira chaizvo Mini-kombiyuta PDP-11 mhuri. Vakanga akagadzawo zvachose, kunyange chiduku duku inogadzirwa zviumbu kudzora hwokugadzira muitiro uye munhu muitiro zviyero, uyewo mune dhipatimendi zvakanaka makambani kuita hofisi mabasa.

Paiva yokuti vakagovera zvebhizimisi-rakapamhama kombiyuta pfuma, kunyange zvazvo minicomputers vakanga vachiri kushanda autonomously.

VeMubatanidzwa Lan-network

Pakazosvika makore 80s. Twentieth remakore. Takanga akatanga ruzivo tichibatanidza Mini-makombiyuta ari pomumbure, inobva nokuchinja kwakaita mashoko omumasherufu, sapamazuva GCS.

Vakatendeuka kuvakwa samambure makambani, anonzi vepo (Lan - Lan), mune zvinenge duku basa. Nokuti ayo zvisikwa, chete vanofanira kutenga nomumbure adapteri nokuda Lan-akasarudzwa zvigadzirwa Somuenzaniso, Ethernet, mwero waya gadziriro, yakaiswa pamusoro wayo waya connectors (zviteshi) uye kubatanidza adapteri kuti Mini-makombiyuta uye pamwe chete kuburikidza netambo izvi. Next, kombiyuta Server paakagadzwa rimwe uchishandisa ezvinhu rakagadzirirwa Lan sangano - network. Pashure paizvozvo, akatanga kushanda, uye haizopereri accession nomumwe minicomputers itsva haina kukonzera zvinetso.

The pekusadziviririka ari kubuda Indaneti

Kana kwaita minicomputers akabvumira govera kombiyuta zvinhu zvakaenzana munharaunda emakambani, kuti chidzoke pakutanga 90s. PC akatungamirira avo zvishoma nezvishoma chidzoke kutanga mumwe kubasa ose ruzivo mushandi, uye ipapo munhu dzevanhu dzose.

The hama yakaderera mutengo uye yakakwirira rakavimbika PC wokutanga akapa simba wedzera kuti Lan-network, uye ipapo zvakatungamirira kuti kwaita yose kombiyuta rwomumbure - Internet, kutsvaira nyika nhasi.

Size paIndaneti mwedzi woga woga ichiwedzera 7-10%. Ndicho Musimboti bhainda siyana omunharaunda uye pasi pose network akaitwa nemasangano munyika pamwe mumwe.

Kana Danho rokutanga kuburikidza neindaneti zvikurukuru zvitange date mafaira uye e-mail mashoko, asi nhasi nayo kunyanya zvinopa kure kuwana dzakagoverwa Information Resource uye zvemagetsi yamabhuku, rokutengesa uye vasiri vezvokutengeserana informsluzhbam kunyika dzakawanda. mapindiro ake akasununguka yamabhuku ane mashoko pamusoro Munenge zvose okukurukura ruzivo uye basa evanhu - kubva mirayiridzo itsva zvesayenzi kuti mamiriro okunze.

Basic Network Lan-Network michina

Pakati pavo vane chinoumba michina iri iyo hwaro chero chipi zvacho samambure anogona ivakwe. Somuenzaniso, rinozivikanwa zvigadzirwa zvakadai somunhu Lan-Ethernet (1980), Chiratidzo Ring (1985) uye FDDI (magumo 80s.).

Mukupera 90-ies. Mutungamiri Lan-Ethernet networking zvemichina yakabuda zvemichina kubatanidza dzekare musiyano wezvinyorwa dzayo Data yedzimudzangara zvazvingava kusvika 10 Mbit / s, uye Fast Ethernet (kusvika 100 Mbit / c) uye Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbit / c). All Ethernet-zvigadzirwa zvakafanana misimboti kushanda, kurerutsa basa ravo uye kubatanidza Lan-network yakavakirwa pavo.

Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, chinoumba zvinenge zvose kombiyuta uchishandisa hurongwa Developers vakatanga kuvaka zvavo zvakarukwa mabasa kuti pave kutaurwa pamusoro-web-anotsanangura mashoko michina. Paiva kunyange unyanzvi hwakasiyana kukurukurirana Os akafanana IOS Cisco Systems kambani.

Sei ane GCS zvemichina

GCS michina iri analoginen runhare mugero nokuda mukuru padanho kusarurama kuri maruri izvi zvakasiyana kunzwisisa kuzvidzora algorithms uye date kupora. Muenzaniso iyi ndiyo kukura X.25 zvemichina ichiri kutanga 70s. Twentieth remakore. More yemhando network michina - a puranga ataure, ISDN, ATM.

ISDN - imwe Acronym rinoreva "digitaalinen samambure ne revatema mabasa", ambotirega kuita kure Video conferencing. Kure kuwana inopiwa kugadzwa zviri PC ISDN adapters achimhanya kakawanda kudarika chero modems. Panewo-software chaiyo inoita dzakakurumbira browsers uye anodawo nehurongwa kushanda ISDN. Asi kudhura midziyo uye kudiwa kuisa chinokosha kubatana kunokutadzisa kukura ruzivo urwu.

Wan ano mberi pamwe runhare network. Pashure veMubatanidzwa digitaalinen nvidia Spetstechnology Plesiochronous Digital akanyatsorongwa yambokurukurwa (PDH), kunotsigira aimhanya anosvika 140 Mbit / s uye akashandisa kusika mabhizimisi pachavo network dzavo.

New Michina Synchronous Digital akanyatsorongwa (SDH) mukupera 80s. Twentieth remakore. rakawedzerwa bandwidth digitaalinen runhare mugero kusvika 10 GB / c, mumwe matematema Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) zvigadzirwa - nemazana GB / C uye kunyange kusvika wandei terabits / c.

Internet michina

Internet samambure michina kwakavakirwa kushandiswa mutauro hypertext (kana HTML-mutauro) - spetsyazyka chokuguma zvemagetsi magwaro, dzine ane akarayira unhu (Tags), akasuma pre Developers Websites mumwe nomumwe mapeji dzavo. Zvechokwadi, muchiitiko ichi hatisi kutaura pamusoro wenyaya kana kuti inoratidza pachena magwaro (photos mifananidzo) hwakatozadzika "paIndaneti" kubva Internet User, pakuyeuka PC ake uye vaiona kuburikidza rugwaro kana kwakajeka vapepeti. Izvi vanonzi Web mapeji kuonekwa kuburikidza purogiramu Browser.

Developers ose Web site kusika navo HTML-mutauro (parizvino akasika zvokushandisa zvakawanda uye ruzivo basa, pamwe anonzi "nzvimbo marongerwo") muchimiro padandemutande mapeji pamwe, uye nzvimbo varidzi inoiswa Internet servers pasi risi kubva varidzi okuchengetera servers (vanonzi "hondo"). Vari kushanda siku nesikati paIndaneti, kushumira zvinodiwa vanoshandisa yayo kuona padandemutande emapeji akatoawedzera.

Browsers mushandisi hrs, akagamuchira nokuda Server paIndaneti wako webasa Provider kuwana imwe Server, kero iyo yaiva nezita iri akakumbira yepaIndaneti, kuwana nzvimbo iyi. Uyezve, ongorora HTML-Tag mumwe peji yauri kuona, browsers kuumba mufananidzo kwayo pamusoro chinovhara muchimiro nayo akazvarwa namweya yokuvaka kwenzvimbo - vose mumapepanhau, mavara uye fonts, siyana inoisa muchimiro mapikicha, diagrams, mifananidzo, uye zvichingodaro. .