Ndivanaani vatongi? Unofanirwa Nobel Prize winners

Sezvo mutemo, apo munhu anova muNobel Prize laureate, ihwo hutsika hunokodzera, zvichiratidza kuti iye ndiye mhizha yakakwana mumunda wake. Asi dzimwe nguva vanhu vanowana, uye nguva inoratidza kuti havakodzeri.

1949 Egas Moniz, mushonga

Apo iwe unogadzira imwe yenzira dzakaipa zvikuru dzokuvhiya munhoroondo yemishonga, zvakaoma chaizvo kururamisira kugamuchira mubairo. Asi muna 1949, chiremba wePurotesitendi weEuropean Egas Moniz akapiwa mubayiro weNobel mumishonga yekugadzirwa kwe lobotomy.

Chiremba akachera gomba mucheka remurwere, akazvidzivirira neteyo refu yakadanwa neukemia, uye akacheka lobe yakatarisana kubva muuropi, sekunge akacheka tambo. Izvi zvakashamisa, uye makore gumi nemana gare gare Moniz akawana mubairo kwaari.

Sezvazvinozivikanwa, kubvumira hazvibatsiri kuporesa, uyezve, zvinotyisa.

1973 Henry Kissinger, Nyika

Kune vazhinji, avo vaimbova Munyori weHurumende Henry Kissinger havana zvavanoita nenyika. Vakawanda vanofunga kuti iye ari murwi wehondo, uyo akaronga mhirizhonga yakawanda yakavanzika munguva yeHondo yeVietnam. Mutsamba yemunyori Christopher Hitchens "Kutongwa kwaHenry Kissinger," inogona kufungidzira kuti munhu uyu anofanira kusungwa "pamhosva dzehondo, pamhosva dzinopesana nevanhu uye nekuputsa kodzero dzenyika dzose, kusanganisira mazano echinangwa chekuuraya, kubviswa uye kutambudzwa."

Unoda mienzaniso? Kissinger akanga ari wekutanga webhomba rekuvhota muCambodia, iro rakati upenyu hwevanhu vasina mhosva. Izvi zvakabatsira mutungamiri wechiChile Augusto Pinochet kuparadza zviuru zvevanhu vakaramba.

Kunyange zvakadaro, Kissinger ndiye muridzi weNobel Prize, sezvo akashanda pamagetsi ekupedzisira muHondo yeVietnam, iyo yaakawana munaJanuary 1973. Hondo haina kupera kusvikira 1975. Kissinger aitaura nezvekuguma-moto uye, panguva imwechete, akaronga kuparadza uye kuputika mumusoro weVietnam, Hanoi. Bvumirana kuti kune chimwe chidimbu chinopesana.

1912 Nils Gustav Dahlen, Physics

Kupihwa kweNobel Prize mufizikiki kunowanzoreva kuti vanhu vane ruzivo rwakachinja mararamiro enyika. Nils Gustav Dahlen akagamuchira mubairo pamusana pekuvandudzwa kwebasa mubasa rezvivako.

Muna 1912, musayendisiti akaumba gavhuna yezuva Solventil, iyo yakarongedza kuwanda kwechiedza chegesi mumatenga. Nekubatsira kwayo, bhakoni rakavharwa pakubuda kwezuva ndokushandura zviripo usiku. Zvechokwadi, kushandiswa kwemari kwesimba nezvinhu zvakagamuchirwa nguva dzose, asi hazvigoneki kuti zvakagadzirwa zvakadaro zvakakodzerwa nemubayiro wakadaro.

Pfungwa yekutanga yeKomiti ndeyekupa mubairo kuna Thomas Edison kana Nicola Tesla. Dambudziko nderokuti vakakunda vakanga vari pakati pemhirizhonga yemari, uye Tesla akaramba kubatanidzwa mumakwikwi. Panzvimbo pokuipa kune imwe kana imwe, komiti yakasarudza kupa mubairo murume uyo akaumba hupenyu hwakanaka hwezvivako zvekare.

1994 Yasir Arafat, nyika

Yasir Arafat ari gandanga kana musununguko werusununguko, kunyanya kunobva kune rutivi rwauri kuitirana nharo pakati pePalestine neIsraeri. Chero zvazvakaitika, zvakaoma kuramba kuti Arafat's Nobel Prize, yaakagamuchira muna 1994 nokuda kwechido chake chorugare muMiddle East, inotarisa zvishoma kudarika zvinopesana nemamiriro makumi maviri emakore ekuvengana kuMiddle East.

Muna 1993, Arafat, pamwechete naVaIsrael Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin uye Mutungamiri Wezvekune dzimwe nyika weIsraeli Shimon Peres, vakagadzirira chirongwa chokugumisa hondo inoratidzika isingaperi yeIsrael-Palestine. Vose vatatu vakawana mugove muNobel Peace Prize gore rakatevera.

Asi panenge pakarepo pakava nechiitiko chinosemesa: panguva yemutambo wokupa mubayiro, musungwa weIsrael akabatwa nevanomusiya veIslam akaurayiwa akafa munguva yekuponeswa kweIsrayeri.

1997. Dario Fo, mabhuku

Pamwe, nguva ino komiti yaida kusimudza munhu wose. Kwenguva yakareba, mutambi wemitambo uye mabhiiyo muItaly Fo yakakurumbira zvikuru.

Kana tikataurira mumwe anotsoropodza, anoonekwa se "" nyore ... clown ane unyanzvi ". Asi nei akakunda?

Maererano nemumiririri wega wega Fo, Michael Earley, zvichida nokuti yakatarisa isingazivikanwi. Earley inotaura kuti Komiti haina kuvhota Rushdie kana Miller, nokuti "inotarisirwa zvakare, yakakurumbira."

1958 Joshua Lederberg, Medicine

Esteri Lederberg akanga ari nyanzvi yemakorikari, asi haana mubayiro weNobel. Uye murume wake, Joshua, akazova mupi wemubairo uyu, kunyange zvazvo akaita zvishoma zvesainzi. Zvisinei, yaiva muna 1958, uye Esther aiva mukadzi. Saka akazova mukurumbira, uye akagara mumumvuri.

Muna 1958, Esteri naJoshua Lederberg vakashanda paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin, kwaakagadzira zvakawanda zvakawanikwa mune zvokurapa. Kutanga, akawana bhakitiriya phosphate yevirusi e-coli, iyo yakagadzira nzira yekudzidza mamwe majekiseni akaoma. Ipapo iye nemurume wake vakagadzira nzira inonzi kudzokorora, uko mabhakitiriya anomuka kubva pakamba kuenda kune imwe, achiratidza kuchinja kwakadai sekurwisa mabhakitiriya. Uku kukwanisa kuparadza hupenyu hwebhakitiriya hwaive hwekukosha zvikuru pakuvandudzwa kwenzira itsva mumishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Joshua Lederberg akakodzerwa neMubayiro weNobel? Zvichida, asi mudzimai wake akakodzera zvakanyanya. Asi chii chakaitika chaifanira kuitika, sezvo mukadzi wacho akasimuka kumusoro kwezera rake.

2009 Barack Obama, nyika

Muna 2008, Obama akatsiva nhengo ye senator kumusasa we mutungamiriri weUnited States. Mwedzi mipfumbamwe gare gare, Komiti yeNobel yakasarudza kuti yakange yaita zvakakwana kuti iongorwe sechigadziro cherugare, pasinei nokuti yakatumira mauto 30 000 kuAfghanistan.

Sezvo Komiti yakacherechedza, akapiwa mubairo "nekuda kwekuedza kwake kusina kusimbisa kusimbisa nyika dzezvematongerwo enyika nekubatana pakati pevanhu". Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti muridzi wemupairo wokuremekedza waiva pamusoro weUnited States kwepasi pegore.

1974 Harry Martinson, mabhuku

Muna 1974, mudetembi uye munyori Harry Martinson vakagamuchira Nobel Prize muLinyorwa. Zvingava zvakakodzera kuona kuti akaigamuchira nekuda kwekugara munyika yakarurama uye ukama hwehukama nevanhu vakarurama.

Maererano nevatsoropodzi, Martinson ndiye munyori wenzwi uye wepakutanga wezera rake. Chokutanga pane zvose, aive akakurumbira nekunyatsorurama kwemutauro wake. Asi dambudziko raiva iyo vashomanana zvikuru vakanzwa nezvake kunze kwekuzvarwa kwake kuSweden.

Chikonzero chakanaka nei aichifanira kukodzera mubairo ndechokuti ane kodzero yekuvhota. Hongu, muna 1949, mushure mekubudiswa kwebhuku rake "The Road", Martinson akasarudzwa kuKomiti. Zvakaoma kutaura kana izwi rake rakaita basa rinokosha pakupa kwake, asi chokwadi chinoramba chiripo.

1992 Rigoberta Menchu, nyika

Pakutanga, Rigoberta Menchu anoita sokuti ndiye anonyatsokodzera muNobel Peace Prize. Akakunda muna 1992 "mukucherechedza basa rayo pamusoro pehutongi hwehupfumi uye kuyananisa kwetsika netsika zvichienderana nekuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu vemunharaunda." Bhuku rake, rakabudiswa muna 1983, rakakonzera kutarira kwenharaunda yenyika. Yakatsigira kodzero dzevarimi veIndia vachirwisana neGuatemalan kudzvinyirirwa.

Asi nei muchengeti wekodzero asingakodzeri mubairo?

Mumwe mutori wenhau weNew York Times, David Stoll, uyo akashanyira Quiché (Guatemala), aive nemaonero akasiyana zvakasiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda ino. Sezviri pachena, zvidzidzo zvakadzama zveStoll zvinotora mufananidzo wekuti Nobel Komiti yakanga isingadi kunzwa. Menchu nehondo yake yehondo yehondo yakange yakaipa seuto reGuatemalan, asi akakunda mubairo wekutsvaga kuburikidza nekupa rutivi rwake sechipo.

2016 Bob Dylan, mabhuku

Zviri pachena, Bob Dylan muimbi anonakidza, uye mazwi ake ndeimwe akasiyana zvikuru munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, Komiti yeNobel, iyo yakapa mubayiro weDylan muna 2016 nokuda kwemabhuku, yakakonzera kushorwa.

Dylan pachake, uyo anenge asingadi kuziva chikwata mukati memwedzi mishomanana mushure mekukunda, akaramba kurondedzera kutaura kwake kusvikira anenge rwechipiri chekupedzisira.

Mune imwe yezvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvekutaura kwake, anotaura kuti "nziyo dzinosiyana nemabhuku: dzakagadzirirwa kuimba, kwete pakuverenga." Gare gare, Dylan akareurura kuti iye, zvose zvakanakisa uye Nobel Prize hazvina maturo kwaari.