Ndeupi musiyano pakati pekufananidza nepfuti? Kuvhima pfuti yakakodzera

Pfuti ndeye, pasina mubvunzo, chidziro chakanaka uye chine rudo chinoshandiswa nevatsva vezera ripi zvaro. Yakasikwa zvakananga nokuda kwekuvhima, kaviri pfuti nepfuti yakauya ku UK pakati pe1830 na1840, apo kushambadzira kwenzara kwakakurumbira mumakomo ekuScotland . Pamberi penguva iyoyo, mabhomba chete asina kurohwa aishandiswa, asi vatsva vaiziva kukosha kwekukurumidza kupfura, kunyanya kupedzisa mutambo wakakuvadzwa.

Mutsara tsanangudzo

Kwemakore mazana emakore vanhu vave vachishandisa zvombo zvekuvhima. Chii chisina kutanga kuti kubviswa kwechikara uye shiri: kunyorera, pfuti, pfuti, pfuti dzemhando dzakasiyana uye zvinyorwa. Pakati pepakati pekufamba kwekuvhima kwechikara chikuru kunoremekedzwa: mhuka dzomusango, nyoro, bheya, mbongoro. Asi matombo anokosha kupfuura ose ndeyemhuka dze "Big Africa Five": nzou, shumba, rhinoceros, ingwe uye bhuni. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinouraya, saka pamusana pemugadziro wavo, vanoshandisa zvipfukidziro zvakakura zvakakura nemapurani emapuruni - zvigaro.

Kazhinji kacho rudzi urwu rwezvombo runokwidziridzwa nemabharuni maviri - iyi ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, saka ndiyo yakanakisisa yemhando. Inobvumira mumwe nemumwe kuti aite vaviri kuuraya shots. Kunyange nemoto usina kuputika, shooter ane nguva yekuita wechipiri kupfura.

Panewo dzimwe nzira dzingarambidzwa-dzokuvhima mumakomo, uko kururama uye huwandu hwebhuruti inokosha. Zviputi zveAustria neGermany zvinogadzira zvitatu, uye kunyange zvibvumirano zvese zvekuvhima zvisikwa zvese zvinoputika . Muchiitiko ichi, zvigunwe zviviri zvakakura zvine caliber, uye mamwe maviri - maduku maduku emhando dzakasiyana dzemutambo.

Kurongwa

Ichi chombo chakapfuura nenzira yakareba uye "ine mhinzwa" kubva kune zvigaro zvisingasviki zvekugadzirisa zvombo, izvo zvakashandisa pfupa inopisa inopisa, kune "tech-nitroxpress" yepamusoro-soro, iyo iyo pfungwa dzakanakisisa dzeunjiniya dzinofungidzirwa. Mhando yepo iripo yekugadziridza inowanzogadzirwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Yakakura-caliber - pfuti inoputika yezvisikwa zvisingagone, izvo zvinoshandisa zvidzitiro zviduku kana zvakapoteredzwa zvishoma. Mutsika, pfuti dzemhando iyi dzakashandiswa utsi hwehusi. Ikokutanga kwevelocity yenyoka yacho iduku: 320-510 m / sec.
• Taura - mhirizhonga inoputika calibers .450, .500, .577 nevamwe. Nzvimbo isina kuvharidzirwa yeblongi yeblue inoshandiswa, iyo yokutanga yakareba iyo 465-610 m / sec. Smoke powder inoshandiswa zvakare.
• Nitroexpress is "fracture", yakagadzirirwa pasi pemazuva ano shell bullet, yakatumirwa nefodya isina chinhu. Iyo yekutanga kukurumidza 564-991 m / sec.
• Bull-pop ishoko ritsva mukugadzirwa kwe-single-barrel fittings necalibers duku. Mutoo unounzwa pakati pebhari uye uri shure kwekugadzirisa mafambiro, uye trunk (kwete kuchinja kwacho) inosanganiswa nechinangwa. Urongwa uhwu hwakabvumira, pasina kuderedza kureba kweti, kuti chigoni chigadzikane kwazvo. Pamusoro pekubhadhara, mushure mechigadzirwa chacho zvakapetwa, mamwe majekitori anogona kuiswa mazviri.

Kubvira pakushanduka-shanduka kusvika pakuchinja

Kunyange zvazvo bhudzi idzi dziri dzorumwe rudzi rwakasiyana rwekuvhima zvombo, ivo vachiri mutezo wekushandiswa kwepfuti. Muhupenyu hwavo hwekushanduka-shanduka mumagetsi , vakamira shure kwekuvandudzwa kwemamwe marudzi ezvombo zvekuvhima, vakanga vari mubasa rekubatwa.

Nekuwanda kwekuAfrica kusaka muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, vatungamiri vekutungamira veEurope vakatora chikamu pakugadzirwa kwekugadzira. Mumakore ekuma1920, mienzaniso yakanakisisa yezvitima zvakajeka yakasikwa (zvigadzirwa zvevatenzi veBrithani zvakanga zvakasiyana nemhando inokosha), iyo yakafukidzira "smoothbore" nemotokari dzine maitiro avo. Ivo vachiri kurota kwevavhimi vemazuva ose.

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pekufananidza nepfuti

Zvechokwadi, bhudzi - kuchinja kwakafanana kwakapetwa kaviri-kubhururuka (vertically or horizontally located) pfuti, asi mutambo weguru hauna kutonhora, asi yakasungwa. Muromo wakadaro uchabvumira zvakanyatsorurama, mberi uye nesimba guru kutumira bullet. Izvo zvakasara kune izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudzvinyirirwa kukuru munharaunda yemugodhi, nekuda kweiwo simba rinokosha rinosungirwa pagedhi-rakanyanya kusimbiswa.

Zvichigovera caliber yakakura yematombo, kubva "masvingo akaoma", iyo yakakura yakafuridzirwa, bfuti kazhinji inoremedza uye inobhururuka, zvichienderana, nekuvhima kusaka haina kukodzera.

Kuuraya uye kumira simba kwemazana makuru-caliber zvinoshamisa: chimwe chikwata chakakwana kukunda nyika huru kune vagari venyika - nzou. Kunyangwe dai pfuti yacho yakanga isina kururama, simba rekunyengedza re projectile rakakwana kugogodza pasi uye kuderedza zvishoma chikara chikuru. Hapana rumwe rudzi rwezvombo zvehurumende rinokwanisa izvi.

Iko kunofanirwa kufungwa kuti ichi chimbo chakaoma, hazvisi zvechimwe chavanoti icho chakakanganiswa ndezvechibatsiro. Kunyanya kuwanda kukuru, mavara ezvakagadzirwa, kuremera kwakakura uye kudzoka kunopesana nekushandiswa kwavo nevasviki vasina ruzivo.

Aina dze calibers

Fittings for the purpose and, accordingly, the caliber is divided into two large groups: the European type and the African-Indian. Nekuvhima kumativi ekumusoro kweEurope, Russia, North America, chikamu cheAsia) chimiro chakashandiswa "zviduku" calibers: 9,3'74R; 8x57JRS; 7x65R. Saizvozvowo, kureba kwemiti kunofananidzwa nepfuti: 550-600 mm.

Mhuka dzeAfrica, India, Southeast Asia dzakawanda, nokuti muvhimi haasati awedzere dambudziko. Nhamba yemafuta makuru akadaro anosarudzwa anoenderana: .375H-H; .416Rigby; .470N uye nezvimwe.

Zvinyorwa zvine simba zvikuru

Kune nitroxpress mhuka dzakawanda (maererano nekuvhima mitemo) calibers. Semuenzaniso, kwenguva yakareba iyo yakasimba zvikuru yaiva pfuti yeHolland & Holland ye cartrid .600 Nitro Express, yakagadzirwa naJeffrey. Zvisinei, nekuda kwechimwe chemumwe mamiriyoni (aida kuti .600 ave yekupedzisira), Holland & Holland vakagumisa zvavakagadzirwa muna 1975 kuti vawane mari yakawanda. Chiyero chebvumirano chakavanzika, asi, sezviri pachena, chinokosha zvikuru, nokuti imwe nitroxpress .600 caliber inodhura mari inopfuura $ 100,000.

Kunyange zvakadaro, vakuru vehurumende vakawana nzira iri nyore yekudzinganisa kuderedzwa kwebvumirano - kubudisa mfuti yepamusoro-soro calibers. Pakukumbira kwaAmerican William Feldstein, Holland & Holland muna 1989 vakagadzira nhamba ye700 Nitro Express, uye zvombo zvakagadzirwa muBell Basic Brass. Nyanzvi dzinotitsigira kuti iyi ndiyo simba rakanyanya kukuvhima munhoroondo. Pakutanga kutsvaka zvitema zvitatu zvakaurayiwa nherera nhatu.

Mutengo wemagazini

Mazuva ano, kunyange nemitemo inowedzera pakuvhima mhuka inotyisa, kudiwa kwezvigadziro zvakapetwa kaviri zvinoramba zvisingashanduki, kunyanya kana zvasvika pakutengesa komiti (yechipiri-ruoko) shanduko. Yakawanda inoremekedzwa yakakura-caliber fittings inotengwa nevatori kana "vanorota-hunvhi" vanoda kuve nezvombo zvakafanana naJames Sutherland, John Hunter nevamwe.

Nyanzvi dzisinganyatsokurudziri kuchengetedza pane rudzi urwu rwezvombo, kana iwe uchida kushandisa pfuti chaiyo pfuti yaunowana. Mutengo unobva kune rudzi rwepfuti, maitiro ayo, maitiki, chimiro chekambani uye nhoroondo inokosha. Kana iwe uchida kutenga nitroexpress, ipapo mutengo wekutengeswa wemadhora mazana maviri anofanirwa kucheneswa: hazvisi zvisizvo pamakopi asina kutengesa kuputsika mushure mokudhonza mashomanana. Yakakura-yakakodzera, uye naizvozvo yakatendeka uye yakakwana samples inodhura makumi ezviuru zvemadhora. Tichipa mamiriro ezvinhu aya, makambani anoronga kusaka muAfrica nokuda kwechikara chikuru, vane chekuunganidza chavo uye vanotengesa vatengi vavo. Pakati pezvinhu zvitsva pasi pose ndezvenzira dzeIzhevsk MP221 uye МР251 (kubva 20,000 rubles).

Shotgun Choke: Russian Firearms

MuRussia, kuiswa sezvombo zvekuvhima kwakanga kusina kupararira kwose kwose, zvichida nekuda kwekushaiwa kwemahofisi akanaka ekuvhima. Asi ivo vainyanya kushandiswa muuto reTsarist. Zvechokwadi, mamwe magetsi uye masters akabudisa michina muzvimedu zviduku, zvikurukuru pakugadzirwa kwemabhere.

Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zvemukati, tinocherechedza "imwe-mbiya" IZH18N (ine bhuru rinotonhorera rinobviswa ra 12 calibers muchitini), pfuti inoputika yakaputika "Express" MP251 nechisimbiso chekuvhara uye MP221 "Artemis". Aya ndiwo maitiro ediki maduku, izvo, zvisinei, zvakakwana kuti kukundwa kwechikara chero chipi nechipi mumatunhu edu.

Mhedziso

Mipiro, kunyanya nitroxpresses, ndiyo mabhomba ane simba zvikuru ekuvhima. Kutenda kumapuranga akaputika uye kukurira kukuru mumugwagwa wake panguva yepfuti, bhomba inowedzera kinetic simba, nhunzi dzinopfuurira uye dzinowedzera zvakajeka. Kubva pamabhoti anoputika akasiyana-siyana zvakakura uye zvinogona kubudisa maviri (kana kupfuura) shots "rimwe chete" pasina musasa kubva pane zvose.

Pakati pezvikanganiso tinoona kuwedzera kwechiremera chezvombo (imwe nitroexpress inorema makirogiramu mashanu kana kupfuura), kudzoka kunokonzerwa (chaizvoizvo kune calibers guru) uye yakadhura. Mumamiriro ezvinhu maviri-akabatanidzwa (matatu-, mana-) maitiro, ruzivo rwakanaka rwemoto rwakaderedzwa. Zvisinei, kukodzera kweEuropean chikonzero nekuda kwezviduku zvishoma izvi zvinokanganisa hazvina.