Ndeipi madhhab muna Islam?

Kuti uzive kuti chii uye sei zvikoro muna chiIslam zhinji, zvakakodzera kupa tsanangudzo iyi izwi zvakajeka. Uyewo zviripo kuwana kubva midzi yawo nezvekutanga.

Chii?

Shoko rokuti "madhhab" rinoshandurwa kubva Arabic se "mirayiridzo". Vamwe ugozvipa zvinoreva rokuti "nzira". Mazhab Islam - ino chaiyo kudzidzisa kunobva faqih (i.e. nyanzvi yomutemo) kuva mwero ijtihad. Uyezve, nezveizvi zvose kunobva Qur'anic dzemunharaunda.

Nokudaro, madhhab mu Islam - chikoro pamutemo, izvo hakusi basa rimwe dzakavamba masayendisiti, uyewo vateveri Imam vari kubatsira kuti ayo kukura, nepo pamusoro zvinokosha zvinotaurwa uye nheyo akaisa parutivi mudzidzisi.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Muvambi masayendisiti yokutanga tenda Abu Hanifah ane-Nu'man ibn Sabbah al-Imam al-zvinokosha. It rakamuka VIII remakore, uye anonzi muvambi Abu Hanif nzira kushandisa nheyo kufunga nokutonga uye zvaunofarira mukubata mumatare nyaya. Akaratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuti kushandisa inokosha nemitemo tsika seinokonzera mutemo (Korani uye Sunnah).

mhando madhab

Madhhab muna Islam - chinhu chinokosha uye zvinokosha zvakakwana chikamu tsika Muslim. Rinosanganisira kwegadziriro ruzivo, chakasvitswa kubva mudzidzisi kuti mudzidzi, kubva kumarudzi namarudzi.

Saka, sei zvikoro muna Islam zhinji? In yose, izvo pane matanhatu. Zvisinei, munguva yedu, uye kushandiswa kwakapararira vane Madhab 4 chete Islam. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

- Hanafi;

- Maliki;

- Shafi'i;

- Hanbali.

Mumwe Mutemo School, zahiritskaya, ikozvino akanyangarika chose, uye Ja'fari apararira chete pakati Shiites.

Vose vane zvakafanana uye chinokosha chinowanika - vari inobva Koran, uko kunoratidzwa kubudikidza Sunnah, pfungwa uye dzidziso. Vamwe vavo vane Misiyano.

Hanafi zvitendwa

Pari muRepublic of Tatarstan Islam Hanafi dzidziso anoziva zvinokosha. Akashandisa panguva mhemberero dzechitendero uye kunamata. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pamutemo pane 4 Madhab muna Islam, Hanafi kunozivikanwa sendarama anokodzera kupa ezvinhu. Pari, haana rirasikirwe kwayo uye anoramba nheyo kuti kushivirira nemafungiro zvimwe huripo zvitendero.

Kukurukurwa nemasayendisiti hunobva zvinyorwa dzakadai Korani, Sunnah, Qiyas (ndiko, kusarudza dambudziko pamutemo mune muenzaniso chii watopiwa mubhuku raZvakazarurwa), istihan, ijma (kana mukuru maonero veshoko), uyewo dzinozivikanwa nevoruzhinji.

Imwe nzira zvaakatonga dzidziso iyi iri zvacho zvakazvinakira zviremera chikoro (akadai muvambi pachikoro Abu Hanifa). Kana mubvunzo unomuka pokutanga anogara yakapiwa mafungiro evoruzhinji kana kupfuura uchapupu mushonga.

Zvinoitwa muvambi ichi chikoro mutemo vadzidzi Abu Hanifa akatungamirira chokuti dzidziso akati akagona kugadzirisa zvinenge zvose zvinetso fiqh.

Maliki chikoro

Musiki chikoro vechimoziremu runoonekwa kuna Malik Ibn Anas. Hwaro issuance yemirau pamutemo ndiye Chokwadi, vakaisa Koran. Ibn Anas Malik aidavira kuti Sunnah - ndiwo maitiro uye approvals hweMuporofita Muhammad uye "anoita Medinites".

Maliki chikoro pfungwa rinoti kana imwe nyaya haisi pachena mubhuku raZvakazarurwa, zvinokosha kushandisa zvikuru vaifarira dambudziko, pasinei kana kusashandisa imwe Ringanidzo sezvinobvira.

A pachena chepfungwa Maliki chikoro mutemo ndechokuti dzakashandiswa, uye kuwedzera mutongo yakasimbiswa tsika. Kwakapararira akati masayendisiti akawana vaMuslim chikamu Spain uye North Africa.

Shafi'i chikoro

All zvina madhhab mu Islam - haisi kugumisa pamusoro Imam, kuti azosvika ari weboka nokudzidza magwaro matsvene, kureva kududzira uye kududzirwa Koran. Saka, kuomerera imwe dzidziso, hazvina zvakakodzera kutevera chaizvo ndezvipi zviri Imam. Usasiyana madhhab zvinoreva kubvumirana kunzwisisa matsvene magwaro dudziro inotungamira Imam.

Vaiona muvambi wechikoro murayiro Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i. Nzira dzake dzakanga yakavakirwa yakajeka uye chaiwo zvinoreva Korani uye Sunnah, nezvimwe zvatisingakwanisi mukushandisa yakanakisisa tsika.

Shafi'i nzira kwaibva nokumunyima muMagwaro nemadimikira. Ndizvo nokuzarurwa ezvinhu haafaniri vakambonzwa zvinofananidzira, uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvose zvaifanira auiswe maererano zvavo nzvimbo Korani uye Sunnah.

Pari Shafi'i chikoro pamutemo kwakapararira pakati vaMuslim kuMiddle East, uyewo vakatendeka South-East Asia.

Zvikoro Hanbali pfungwa

Muvambi Nzira pamutemo uyu Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, wakavaka dzidziso yavo inotevera zvinyorwa:

- Korani uye Sunnah;

- maonero shamwari (kana paine chero zvakasiyana kupa zvinodiwa kuti pedyo mirayiridzo yacho Korani zvinodiwa);

- Qiyas, kureva nokuenzanisa nezvinetso kare zvakagadziriswa kufungisisa mibvunzo Revelation;

- ijma - mhedziso zvizvarwa zvakawanda jurists.

chikoro ichi anoda kuita tsvakurudzo panyaya zvose dzechitendero, pasina kuita chero anosiyiwa.

The akasiyana tumapoka?

Mazhabs vane kusiyana Islam, chikuru ndechipi zvinotevera: hanabalitsky kubva inception wayo ino nguva zvakasimba anoziva kuvhara "masuo ijtihad". Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pasi yakanatsa kurehwa mabasa vafundisi, zvainanga kudzidza uye kugadzirisa matambudziko redzidziso kunzwisisa uyewo kwegadziriro dzemitemo, nzira uye kukakavadzana anoshandiswa neurongwa veshoko.

chikoro All mutemo mumwe pane imwe nguva vakasvika pakugumisa kuti "masuo ijtihad" anofanira kuvharwa munhau fiqh, izvo kare akadzidza zvakadzama uye kubata zvakananga pamwe havaoni pazvikoro kwepfungwa uye nevateveri vavo. Panguva iyoyo pasi zvichiitika nyaya, mutemo uyu haana kushanda, uye vari pasi fanira pamutemo kupima.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzidziso zvose izvi zvaibva, uye haana kuva voga kubva mumwe. Asi, kukura zvikoro izvi zviri pamutemo kukurukura uye mukwanisi mumwe. Anokosha hwokuti chokwadi ichi ndechokuti dzidziso havaoni kuti mashoko nenguva imwe nguva vaiva vadzidzi uye vateveri mumwe. Panyaya iyi, anokosha zvinoreva uye wepamutemo yemibvunzo zvikoro zvose dzinenge zvakafanana.

ukoshi

Mazhab Islam kunokosha. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mutendi uyo anoti hazvifaniri kuva chero mitemo chikoro mutemo, nokukurumidza zvakakwana anogona kutsauswa uye, kunyange kuipa, kuti vatsause vamwe vatendi. Nezvidiki Islam - dzinokosha nhungamiro naro mutendi anogona vakazvimiririra kuona padanho rakavimbika hadith.

Vopa mutendi mukana kutsanangura zvavo tsika yezvavaidavira uye kusarudza nzira iri pedyo uye kuzviitira mafungiro mutendi, akarurama.

Zvaunofanira kuziva pamusoro mazhabs

Wakabata nezvinoitwa tumapoka ane Islam, zvakakodzera kuteerera chokwadi kuti vose, pasina chaakasiya haanamati kufamba uye "zvitaera" upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vanotungamirirwa mutendi muupenyu ano. Havagoni kunzi Somuenzaniso, Sunni mapoka Islam Ichokwadi kana Nhema. In chero dzidziso mutendi wose kuti kukwanisa kuwana zvose zvakanaka uye kunaka pfungwa.

Havachina dzinokosha kusiyana kubva nomumwe. kukosha kwavo iri yokuti vari kuisa benchmarks muupenyu vechiMuslim vanogona kutungamirira sarudzo mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kufukidzwa mitemo Rugwaro.

Zvisinei, kana munhu hauomereri nheyo wechikoro mutemo, izvi hazvirevi kuti haana kutenda, uye zvechokwadi ezvinhu izvi hazvigoni anozivikanwa somunhu "chivi".

Madhhab - haasi ndozvakajairwa kuteverwa, uye chii mutendi runotungamirirwa pakuita zvisarudzo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, chii kunomubatsira kusarudza zvakanaka pamamiriro ezvinhu.

Saka, muna chitendero wechiMuzirimu, pane vazhinji Kutenda usingabereki mibvunzo uye haadi kuti dudziro. For zvinodavirwa muchitendero vakadaro zvinosanganisira kudavira kuvapo Allah, kutenda vaporofita, hajj uye nevamwe.

Nokuti dzimwe mibvunzo, mushonga izvo pane misiyano, kune chikoro mutemo kunonzi inobva uchenjeri, ruzivo, kunzwisisa uye kuremekedza zvinofungwa nevamwe.

Dzidziso Orthodox regai sheedzera mitemo upenyu akatendeka, asi chete kubatsira kuita zvisarudzo zvakanaka ezvinhu akaoma uye akaoma upenyu nyaya.