Ndege "Phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): tsananguro, nokurondedzerwa, mapikicha

Vazhinji rwisana ndege somugumisiro kushandiswa kwayo kana vari kuyeukwa kwavo varombo quality, kana kuva ngano wechokwadi, pamusoro kunyange kuziva vanhu vasina ukama kuti ndege. Ekupedzisira anogona kunzi sezvo Somuenzaniso, IL-2 zvedu, uye pave paya American ndege "Phantom".

Zvichida anozivikanwa motokari zvose America 1960-1980 michina ine zita racho kwemakore akawanda wava nerokuti vose varwi US Air Force. Its womumhuri raiva multi-functionality, iyo yedu ndege makawana gare gare. Kazhinji, ndege "Phantom" - hapana chiratidzo zvishoma wakajeka kweHondo Yemashoko, pane Somuenzaniso, B-52 Ndege.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha unyanzvi uyu kuti inogona muAtlantic kunomisa svikiro-siyana zvombo ari bhomba bays of machine. Sezvineiwo, nezvipfuwo analogues, vakabva akashandiswa chombo of third-23, ivo zvakasimba nowenyika akagadzira uye mutambo unhu. The Chinese zvachose "imwe Blueprint" akasika ndege yake JH-7. Kufanana of - kwete chitarisiko asiwo anenge kufanana injini uye kunyange radar. Hazvishamisi "Phantom" - plane, izvo mufananidzo achiri kuonekwa mumagazini zhinji panhau zvombo.

Start okukura

Initial basa rakatangwa muna 1953, apo US Air Force nokukurumidza haashandirwi kuchangotanga kushaya kuitika mumunda supersonic keriya anotsanangura murwi. Wokutanga waiva rakasimba "McDonnell", asi basa racho haana kunyatsonzwisisa zvinodiwa nemauto. Zvisinei, nemhaka imwe kumumvuri murwi-bhomba AH-1 chakazovakwa.

Zvisinei, kukundikana "vokutanga-unomutsa" kwakakonzerwa kwete rakakundikana pfungwa, asi mune yakadzokororwa chose muna 1955, mashoko nezve kuti ndege itsva: ndechokuti Admiral panguva iyoyo yakaratidza chido chokuva pamusoro vatakuri ndege chaiyo akaendesa anotsanangura murwi-interceptor inokwanisa richisvika M = 2, zvombo kungovimba zvombo.

Zviya, uyo akaita ndege "Phantom"? Takatodzidza ambotaurwa, "McDonnell". With ruzivo, mainjiniya ayo vakakwanisa kusika gadzirirwa rinonangana zvose zvinodiwa mutengi. Zvapedzisira akava ibudirire zvakadaro, kuti achiri anomira mubasa pasi pose.

The prototypes yokutanga

Nechekare pakati muzhizha chete gore rokutanga kumumvuri, akasarudzwa F4H-1F, uye iye nendege mumakore matatu yakatangwa. Ndiri agere chidhiraivho ane bvunzo mutyairi Robert C. Little. The ndege akashandisa injini J79-3A (2h6715 Madzimabo), asi pashure kutiza mashanu okutanga, kwakasarudzwa kuchinja navo J79-GE-2. Shure zvishoma nguva, yokupedzisira akaponawo nzira muenzaniso J79-GE-2Vanhu (2h7325 kgf). Saka pakanga ndege "Phantom" ari muenzaniso wechipiri.

Muna 1960, wakaitwa nemhedziso nokukurumidza chinyorwa 2583 km / h. Asi pano vokuAmerica akaenda duku waishandiswa Wandinyengedzerei: a compressor kamuri iri jekiseni pasi kumanikidza musanganiswa mvura uye panyaya iyi, izvo akabvumira zvakanyanya inotonhora turbine mashizha uye kudzivirira vaparadzwe chafariz. nadzurudzo iyi akasarudzwa F-4a, akasunungurwa chete 23 ndege muenzaniso uyu.

Vose yaizongoshandiswa ndege bvunzo, United States vave kunoitwa Air Force. Kazhinji, "Phantom" - ndege (Photo vake munyaya), umo nyaya akanga asingasviki gumi nevaviri shanduro. Sezvo vakanga vakabata chete US Yaiva pfupi nguva, zvinogona kunzi chinyorwa! Kana usingazivi kuti akaita "Phantom" (ndege), ichava kukwanisa shungu dzavo, pashure pokuverenga ino!

Start okuwana, nadzurudzo

Kugadzirwa michina izvi chakatangwa muna December 1960. By 1967 ndipo panguva US Air Force vanenge 637 ndege muenzaniso uyu. Zvadaro, pachishandiswa kwemarudzi izvi wakasikwa njere. Zvakanga dzakwidzwa dzikabereka hapana asingasviki 500 "kuchena" 'Phantoms ", vakawanda ndege kare (kunze experimental batch) kwakashanduka iri shanduro itsva.

Sezvineiwo, chisarudzo kushandisa "Phantom" vakagamuchirwa se multi-basa murwi yakaitwa chete muna 1962. Munzira dzakawanda, kunyatsofunga ichi yave chokuita Zara apo nhaurirano nezvebasa mumotokari ramangwana. Vamwe vagadziri vakapa pakarepo kuzviita pamwe makings ane analoginen zvevhu kurwisa murwi, apo vamwe vakaomerera pazuva wokusarudza pakusika wakachena murwi michina, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva vazhinji achibvunzwa ne US Air Force.

Technical midziyo uye chombo

Aerodynamic design - kuipa, yakaderera bapiro, trapezoidal, maitiro ari pamberi rinopeta inomunyaradza. Empennage dzakabviswa zvakaitwa maximize ari kuramba mhepo kuyerera ndokuwedzera maneuverability yacho ndege.

Kusiyana huru murwi kwegore, ndege "Phantom" ane zvikuru yakatanga kushandiswa kwemichina, nhamba okunatsiridza akanga akwira nemateru hurongwa. Saka ndege aigona kunyika nechepamusoro ane mutakuri ndege, akashandisa akamedura haka. Inogona kukunda kumhara michina yairema matani 17. Chokwadi, kuti landings akadaro anowanika chete kune vagara nebasa vezvikepe, akakwana ndichinzwa ndege yake.

Pamasikiro muchina womuenzaniso, kuti radar yaishandiswa AN / APQ-120, nechinangwa mhinduro zvakaoma AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 kwava kukonzera wekushandisa uye ndege yakarurama kuti achibva kubhomba. Kuti aite mabhomba phantom ndege F-4 kushandisa midziyo chiratidzo AN / ASQ-9L. Radar nemwaranzi dzakaonekwa ne muvengi radar nokugamuchira AN / Apr-36/37 midziyo, nokuti Detective REB-mhinduro yakaoma chipingaidzo AN / ALQ-71/72/87.

The Zvinoumba kutiza-F-4E nemasaisai hurongwa inosanganisira dzi AN / ASN-63, resolver AN / ASN-46 uye redhiyo altimeter altimeters AN / APN-155. Yokukurukura, kufamba uye kuzivikanwa ezvinhu ane kunzwisisa AN / ASQ-19 dzine munhu transceiver TACAN.

Chombo. At pfumbamwe nodes zvokunze kuturika phantom Ndege F-4 anogona kutakura zvakasiyana zvombo, kusanganisira vana SD svikiro-siyana Vavarira-7 "Sparrow". Pane mukana ane zvombo ari niches ari fuselage, ndege kunogonawo kushandisa M61A1 womuenzaniso ndege pfuti (zvombo 1,200 vaitenderera muzana pfuti). On bhodhi pane inoperera pamwe HAP mureza mabhomba, pfapfaidzo dzehondo kuenda neherikoputa mano (VAP) pamusoro bapiro suspensions.

Ndege "Phantom" (mashoko ane pikicha munyaya) anokwanisa kutakura mundege mbiri enyukireya yokutevedzera: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 kana Mk.28. Total kurema zvichibvira zvombo anenge manomwe matani, asi ane vachizvitakudza yakadaro muchina anogona kubvisa chete kana chinotsva Matangi vasina zvakakwana kukasawedzerwa. Ichi - mumwe kiyi zvinokanganiswa wokuenzanisira ichi, icho zvakajeka zvikuru richiratidzwa yokuVietnam apo vokuAmerica akasangana MiGs Soviet. ndege yedu Towing waivako pachinhu uremu uye ruoko vakanga yekudyidzana yepamusoro.

Data ari kugadzirwa

Kusunungurwa "Phantom" kuti zvinodiwa US mauto akanga kusvika 1976 (a dzinokwana ndege vanenge 4,000 vakarwirwa, uye 1,300 vakaenda Navy zvinodiwa). Uyezve, nokuti rimwe uye chiuru hafu motokari ndisunungurwe ekisipoti. Asi pano zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vamwe aivigirwa motokari akatamiswa zvakananga kubva Navy / Air Force.

Hazvishamisi kuti ndege F4 "Phantom" yava rimwe rakakurumbira nemauto evadzimi iyoyo ndege, sezvo chete akakwanisa kubudisa zvidimbu vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu. Pakupedzisira, kubva 1971 kusvika 1980 muJapan akavaka 138 ndege, ndiwo marezinesi kopi American "Phantom", yakasiyana zvinokosha shanduro zvimwe zvachinja Zvinoumba chombo uye avionics.

rwokugadzira unhu

Vose mapapiro yaiva 11.7 metres, nokureba fuselage - 19.2 m, kunonyanyisa kureba muviri rakanga 5 metres, bapiro kunharaunda 49,2 mativi mamita. Kunonyanyisa kutora-kure uremu ranged kubva 25 kusvika 26 matani. Blank ndege F 4 "Phantom" (pasina mafuta uye yakaturikwa maoko) pachikero 13.760 makirogiramu munyaya dzomunyika mafuta Matangi mafuta dzichengeterwe matani matanhatu, matani mana anogona kudirwa kupinda kuturika matangi.

Motors uye ndege unhu

Sezvo simba chirimwa Turbojet vakashandisa miviri GE. Models paivawo zviviri: J79-GE-8 (ane kunonyanyisa vaise 7780 kgf), J79-GE-17 (soro traction hunhu raiva 8120 kgf).

Panguva iyoyo, ndege "Phantom", iro hwokugadzira unhu zviri nyaya, akava ngano iri US Air Force nokuti kuti ayo ndege unhu zvakanga zvakanaka kwazvo. Ndege inogona nokukurumidza kuti 2300 km / h, kufadza kuvapo tsika vachisimudza kukwirira kwakanga 16 600 metres, kumhanyisa kumhanyisa - mamita 220 / s, chikuva 2380 makiromita.

Kureba runway pamberi zvinokubatai-kure raiva 1340 metres, ane braking parachuti kuti motokari iri zvachose akamira 950 metres. On vatakuri ndege, izvo akashandisa chiredzo, vokuAmerica ndege "Phantom" akagara pamusoro 30-40 mamita. Kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza zadzisa kubudirira munguva hunobatsira oparesheni, aiva 6,0G.

Kukosha uye kurwisana kushandiswa

VokuAmerica vanoda chaizvo kwazvo ndege "Phantom" (hunhu zvatakandorwira kare anotsanangurwa), sezvo chikwata muenzaniso ichi kwenguva refu nguva yakaramba chikuru achishandisa mhepo ukuru Air Force uye Navy. Wokutanga anozivikanwa Kushandiswa pechiitiko muhondo kwakaitika musi April 2, 1965, panguva kurwisana yokuVietnam. Pane ndege muenzaniso uyu atarisana third-17F, izvo zvikapiwa North Vietnam munyika yedu.

Kubvira 1966, zvinopesana Zvikamu hunosanganisira third-21F, uyewo kupa USSR. Air Force uye US Navy vakafunga kuti "Phantom" achakurumidza kuhwina mhepo ukuru, sezvo divi ravo raiva simba pamusoro-bhodhi zvombo, yepamusoro radar, uyewo kumhanyisa zvakanaka uye rwendo velocity. ezvinhu zvose izvi akapa tariro yakanaka zvabuda dogfighting.

Zvakanakira nekuipira

Asi tsika zvikazooneka kuti ari kudhumhana ine maneuverability zvinoitwa American ndege akanga asina dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Vaiva chimbadzo pamusoro bapiro chakaita kuti hombe operative mutoro, basa rayo sezvo Akave nokuvandudza ne zadzisa akavarambidza (6.0 pamusoro 8.0 muna third). Zvakanga zvakare kuwanikwa kuti motokari American maduku wekushanduka angled zvishoma nechepazasi hunobatsira kukurukurwa. Thrust-to-uremu zvombo kubva ndege eSoviet akanga nani.

Zvazvakanakira zvinosanganisira nokukurumidza kumhanyisa (musiyano pamwe third - anenge manomwe masekonzi kuti vokuAmerica), muchina vachawana kukwira nokukurumidza, vezvikepe edu zvikuru vakaongorora maonero kubva nzvimbo yemutekenyi mukombe "Phantoms" uye kuvapo rakarira nhengo yechipiri. Last offloads dzakawanda mutyairi, sezvo kugara kuongorora nzvimbo rwemberi hemisphere uye aigona kuyambira mukuru nokutyisidzirwa kwamuka ikoko.

Other nzvimbo muhondo kushandiswa

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chinonyanya vakarongeka vashandi of Vietnam War akava mutyairi uye aidzidzisa S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, nhoroondo yehondo kuti, maererano vokuAmerica pachavo, paiva Vietnamese MiGs shanu. Kubvira mukupera 60-ies ari muenzaniso ndege vakatanga massively kune Israeli vatsigiri America. Sechikamu veIsrael Air Force michina kunge nekusimba pachavo kwazvo.

Asi kunyange ipapo, mu kwemotokari pamwe third-21 muEgipita, vaiva achidzora pakati vezvikepe Soviet, tsvaka zvose zvakafanana zvainovhiringidzawo. Dambudziko iguru zvokuti vokuIsrael makasimbisa mundima yayo kusunungurwa French varwi "Mirage", uye nokuda kweizvi havatombozivi disdained kuba chikamu chebasa mapepa. Mune ramangwana, "Phantoms" vakanga refocused kugadzirisa kurwisa matambudziko kuti ndege muenzaniso uyu kurarama pasina kugunun'una.

Zvisinei, vezvikepe pachavo havana kubva ichi kufara sezvo 'Phantoms "raishandiswa sezvo kurova motokari, akatakura kuoneka kurasikirwa (70% of rengarava mota). Zvakare, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti chokwadi ichi hachisi yakakwirira nyanzvi unhu vezvikepe vekuIjipiti uye unyanzvi Soviet kugarwa of Soviet SAMs chete zvakanaka.

Gare gare ndege zvaishandiswa panguva yokurwisana pakati Iran uye Iraq (makore 1980-1988), asi pane zvimwe kuhondo dzavo kushandiswa mumakore iwayo vachiri asingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, pakazosvika nguva yokutanga dogfight pakati ndege uye helicopters, kana Mi-24 akakwanisa gurunurai Iraqi mhepo simba vakarwisa "Phantom" zvombo ake "mhepo-kuti-mhepo."

Zvinonzi aizivikanwawo kuti muna 2012 Air Force Siriya akapfura pasi "Phantom" Turkey, iro ekupedzisira kushandiswa senzvimbo Scout.

Dzimwe nyanzvi mune midziyo uye zvombo vanodavira kuti ndege "Phantom" - US murwi-bhomba "chetatu" chizvarwa, panguva yaro zvisikwa zvakakomba smogshy mberi nguva yake. Vamwe prerequisites ive pfungwa yakadaro, nokuti muenzaniso kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru, uye vamwe zvachiri vanoramba nevakawanda nhasi.

Nhasi kwakadai ndege garai Air Force: Egypt (anenge maviri gumi nevaviri motokari), vaGiriki, varipo vanenge makumi mashanu modernized "Phantoms", kureva vari muna Iran, asi Iranian ndege kudzokera 60 fung gore okuvaka, uye uwandu kuramba basa michina USINGAZIKAMWI. Inoshandisa kwakadaro ndege Turkey, apo maoko dzinenge zana nemakumi mashanu modernized "Phantoms", South Korea (anenge makumi mashanu), Japan (zana ndege). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vokuJapan akashandisa mimwe yake kuvakwa, zvatakapfidza kare ataurwa pamusoro.

maonero ano

Yanhasi vasara Akatombo michina massively vagadzirise kwazvo kuvhunduka drones, uyewo chipfuro redhiyo raitungamirirwa akagadzirirwa kudzidzisa mhepo simba uye mhepo kuzvidavirira zvokuchenesa Masvomhu. America kunyora kuti okupedzisira "munhu" kutiza chiitiko "Phantom" kwakaitika mid-April 2013 (kureva nendege pamusoro US ndima). Pamberi "okupedzisira Mohicans" kwainzi muchina pamwe muswe nhamba 68-0599, akaita ndege yake mujinga ari pakati Mojave Desert January 18, 1989, uye regai kubhururuka kubva.

Asi zvino US Defence Department anofembera kuti nokukurumidza ose "Phantoms", zvino vari okuchengetera vachabviswa kuchengetedza vakawanda uye kuvakazve. Zvinozivikanwa kuti, sezvo vanhasi, pamwe okuchengetera chabviswa kanenge 316 motokari iyi mhando.

Vachanoitei ne "Phantom"?

American dzesangano Bae Systems ari mubasa overhaul ndege uye kwavakazoita shandurudzo ari redhiyo raitungamirirwa chipfuro QF-4C. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakupedzisira motokari zvose achaiswa kune 82nd dzechikwata yoga redhiyo raitungamirirwa huru (Aerial achinanga dzechikwata - ATRS). Iye kunobva mu Florida.

Ikaonekwa kwayo chiso "robotic" ndege inogona nyore aikudzwa kubva zvavaisiita, sezvo nokuguma wamapapiro uye keel vari kupendwa inopenya yakatsvuka (munokwanisa kuona mufananidzo ndege "Phantom" kwaiita nyaya). Zvinonzi nechakare pamusoro vakaroorana zana akarayira uye pasi kuvakwa dzakabatana. Zvinokosha kutendeuka kwakadaro kuti muchina inogona kushandiswa kurwa.

Kuti aratidze kurwa nezvaanogona ari vatendeuka "Phantoms" muna January 2008 mungarava rimwe izvi muenzaniso kanda wokutanga akaita zvitundumuseremusere "mhepo-nyika". Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muna vakatendeutswa UAV ndege inogona kushandiswa zvinobudirira kudzvinyirira yomuvengi mhepo kudzivirira nzira. Kunyange zvazvo kunyatsoshanda ari michina pacharo, kurasikirwa vezvikepe panguva kurozva kwavo hazvizoitiki, izvo achaponesa upenyu akadzidziswa vezvikepe.

Ungangove, ari gumi anotevera, ichangoburwa "Phantom" kuti "ngarurege evanhu" chichange pakupedzisira wakasuduruka basa munyika dzose apo michina yakadaro vachiri muushumiri. Zvino tarisai kunozivikanwa muchina anogona kunge mumamiziyamu kana apo achishanyira private ndege muunganidzwa. Pakupedzisira, mufananidzo Ndege "Phantom" iwe uchagara kukwanisa kuona pamusoro mapeji mapepa ichi.

vezvikepe edu aiva nomukana rokuongorora mukombe "Phantoms." Zvinofanira akati kuti nyanzvi Soviet Akarumbidza muchina uyu zviratidzo zvakawanda, kunyanya tikacherechedza zvinonyatsorehwa unhu amabasa, chakanakisisa zvemagetsi, nyore kumhara uye mudzimu mutyairi. Uyewo, "foolproof" akanga zvakanaka hwakasimbiswa ndege muenzaniso uyu. Saka, muna kumhara muoti, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti nokuparura munhu chitundumuseremusere kana zvisiri kushandisa zvombo zvakasiyana. Haiwa, kufanana dzimwe nguva zvinoitika wedu third vezvikepe, uyo, kunyange aneta, aigona kungoti haana kuenda kusamuendesa ...