Municipal hwakasimba tsvina - vari zvinhu kana zvigadzirwa kuti vakafirwa mutengi ehupfumi. mhuri tsvina

Municipal hwakasimba tsvina - ndivo zvinhu zvakakosha (kusanganisira zvimedu) kuti vakafirwa zvivako zvavo yepakutanga uye zvagadzwapo kunze muridzi wavo. Pamwe hwakasimba nemaindasitiri, dzinomirira hombe kutyisidzira zvakatipoteredza uye kunogona zvishandiswezve.

Household tsvina hazvirevi chete kuderedza nezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu asiwo kunobva dzokuwedzera mari chokuita ayo muunganidzwa uye kwetsvina. Sezvo maguta vanokura, izvi mari kuwedzera. Kugadzirisa dambudziko hwakasimba tsvina munyika vakava michina yakasiyana kuti kugadzira kwavo. Kupfuura mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa njodzi uye yemazuva ano yemhando anogadzirisa kuparadzana matongo zvikukutu vavo kushandisa hwakazotevera sezvo yechipiri mbishi zvinhu.

The chinetso zvokufonongonwa tsvina

Kuunganidza zvokufonongonwa dongo - dambudziko ngozi. Kusvibiswa nyika marudzi tsvina wakatandavarira zvinenge kose. A huru uwandu riri vakapararira panyika muchimiro nezvimedu kana masumbu (landfills). Kutambisa uye kuwira mumvura munyanza.

A chinokosha inorwara zvokufonongonwa dongo - ndivo zvibereko mafuta uye gasi zvigadzirwa. Ivo husingakwanisi polymeric yeimwe pamwe refu hafu-upenyu. The kupfuura zvakatipoteredza zvinokuvadza chinova polyvinyl chloride (PVC), iyo chokuita refu zviri kuiisa chlorine wayo sezvamunoita. Marara, sezvo ichienzaniswa Polymers ndiko zvikuru zvishoma ngozi kwezvakatipoteredza.

Environmental ngozi chokuita MSW

Igaroziva zvokufonongonwa tsvina pamusoro biosphere siyana, pamwero uye kazhinji kacho asina kunaka. Options MSW nezvainoita zvakatipoteredza sezvinotevera:

• Clogging pamusoro pemvura nemhuri tsvina pasi. Plastic mabhegi uye zvimwe mhando mhuri dongo ndizvo chipingamupinyi nekukura miti, zvikaita kuti vasanyanye zvipenyu zvibereko, kumhanya ivhu inotungamirwa. Iri mumadziva, mumakungwa uye makungwa mhuri marara kunogona kukanganisa dzinotsanagura kwemvura kubva mvura pamusoro.
• Kusvibisa MSW kuora zvigadzirwa. Ndiwo zvakakura kwezvakatipoteredza dambudziko chokuita nemhuri tsvina. The kuora Polymers ichishanduka chepfu yeimwe iyo muchetura ivhu uye pasi mvura. No zvishoma inokuvadza zvigadzirwa zvavo combustion. landfills Vazhinji vanogara chipfungaire, kusvibisa mhepo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda. Kupfuura ngozi uye chaicho MSW combustion chigadzirwa ndiko dioxin, iyo anosunungurwa panguva combustion pamusoro PVC. Zvinonzi vaiona kupfuura chepfu ari anozivikanwa sayenzi makemikari. Sezvineiwo ejection uwandu dioxin kana kupiswa hakusi kukuru kuti zvaizova chepfu Zvisinei, mupiro wayo zvinonyatsorehwa kusvibiswa iwayo chinokosha.

Kuwedzera manyowa zvinhu uye siyana Polymers combustion imba makemikari, inorema nesimbi, asbestos pabhodhi, Mahydrocarbon uye vazhinji zvimwe zvinhu vanobatsirawo kunopindirana kusvibiswa. Migumisiro zvinogona dzinotyisa:

• Kuparadzwa mhuka uye hove. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti shiri nehove vanogona kumedza diki mapurasitiki zvinhu, izvo dzimwe nguva inotungamirira kurufu rwavo somugumisiro kuunganidza marara ari zvomudumbu ino. Pangozi muri uye mhuka zvokudya pamusoro landfills, sezvo mukuru mukana nomuchetura.
• Kuipa utsanana ezvinhu. kazhinji marara mirwi ndiwo maberekero chikonzero utachiona anogona kune dzimwe nzvimbo uko rodent yokugara.
• Kurasikirwa aesthetic nyaya yacho. Kuwana pakati mhuri tsvina haasi munhu wose kuita. Dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki pakuonekwa, ivo Rinofembedza, ngozi ndibate hutachiwana kusvibiswa mvura iri zvitubu - zvose izvo zvinogona yekudyidzana kanganisa kuzorora pamusoro zvisikwa.
• The nezvainoita okunze. Plastic mafirimu uye magirazi kunonoka kuuya kubva chafariz nemwaranzi wenyika, zvichikonzera kuwedzera dzematunhu girinihausi kushanda uye pose kupisa pasi. accumulations Large marara chaizvo simba tsime methane, iyo anosunungurwa kuti mhepo, anowedzera inokudza maturo.
• Nyika WIthdrawal. Landfills ndivo chikonzero rutapudzo pamusoro shama nzvimbo zvinogona kushandiswa kuvaka, ndinosika dzinoungana kana mumapaka. nyaya iyi rakanyatsojeka akakodzera, kunyanya pedyo maguta makuru uye nomutoo kadikidiki.

Kupatsanura zvokufonongonwa tsvina

A vabatane marongedzero weboka kupinda makirasi zvokufonongonwa tsvina haako. Pakutanga MSW vanomiririra chete zvachose uremu. Zvisinei, matunhu neminisiparati hwakasimba tsvina - kwazvo yakasiyana makemikari anoumba uye zvivako zviri yenhengo chaiko. Chinonyanya kwakapararira pakati MSW vari: simbi, mapurasitiki, girazi, huni, pepa makadhibhokisi. Munyika dzakawanda tsvina kupatsanura ndiyo hwaro yoga muunganidzwa uye marara. Kunyange akandwe vakawanda uye zvakachengetwa pamusoro MuRussia, ivo landfills.

Recycling kuti matunhu neminisiparati tsvina

Kuraswa zvokufonongonwa dongo hunosanganisira kushandiswa nzira dzakasiyana. zvino Zvinonyanyozivikanwa nzira dzokurasa matunhu neminisiparati hwakasimba dongo - ndiko:

• zvokuimba kugadzira nzira.
• Nokurasa yakasimba matongo mune landfills (landfills).
• Incineration.
• Complex kugadzira.
• Kushandiswa hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu.

Kubviswa kune polygons hwakasimba tsvina iri zvetsika uye inonyanya zvakatipoteredza inokuvadza nzira "inoraswa" kubva MSW. In nyika yedu kuchiri chinobatanidza kutungamirira chinzvimbo.

Kuti kuderedza inzwi, iyo anobata dongo landfills, vanowanzoororwa somoto, zvichiita kuti kupararira zvinhu zvinokuvadza huru munzvimbo uye Kuipa mhepo yepamusoro. Dzinounzwa panguva combustion nenzvimbo dzokurasira zvigadzirwa vane raidudzwa chaizvo kwakanaka uye dzinokanganisa utano. Dimensions landfills munyika yedu rinogara kuwedzera.

tsvina kurapwa

Panguva iyoyo, pane nzira dzakawanda inoraswa. Huru nzira dzinobatsira kuti ribude matunhu neminisiparati hwakasimba dongo - ndiko:

• Zvokuimba kugadzirwa patsva - iri kutaridza kwesayenzi kushanda kukuya, kurovererwa, briquetting. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira compaction uye kuderedza tsvina vhoriyamu kusvika 10 nguva, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore zvokufambisa uye amatura. Zvisinei, nzira iyi chete nyore dambudziko inoraswa asi kwete kurigadzirisa zvachose.

• Integrated tsvina zvakanaka kunosanganisira kusikwa tsvina Sorting uye tsvina kurapwa zvinomera. In danho rokutanga marara partitioned zvichienderana norudzi zvinhu (negirazi, mapurasitiki, simbi uye zvichingodaro. D.), Zvino akadana kubudiswa kuna runoenzanirana chirimwa. nzira iyi inoraswa anogona kubvisa dzakawanda yakasimba tsvina uye kuwana yechipiri mbishi zvinhu.
• Biological nzira kubvumira kubudiswa kubvisa dzakawanda iripo tsvina kuti manyowa pamusoro makemikari mugove zvigare, iro dzikwanise Yaunoti vermicompost. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, tsika tisawirirane Red Californian nehonye.

briquetting

Briquetting ari expediently kuitwa mushure dzokubudisa kuti kukosha zvinoriumba. Kuramba marara mechanically nekuumbanidzwa uye mumapepa. The akaumba briquettes vari nyore ari kuchengetwa, nezvifambiso uye kwetsvina.

composting

Composting - nzira zvipenyu zviri kubudiswa umo kurasa hwakasimba tsvina rinoitwa kuburikidza pakusikwa anonzi mufudze pemirwi. Zvichienderana padanho kukura kwezvinhu upenyu dzidzo mufudze anobva vhiki 2-10 makore 1-3.

Kushandisa matongo sezvo yechipiri mbishi zvinhu

Most zvinhu vapenyu akapora, kuguma akanaka ezvinhu uye kushandiswazve. Tsika iyi zvinoshandawo mamwe maguta Russian. Glass, simbi, aruminiyamu nedzimwe simbi anogona achanyauswa uye kushandiswazve. Kechipiri anogona kushandiswa uye nomugove chinokosha tsvina mapepa.

Recycling kuti mapurasitiki kubva mhuri tsvina hauna kuitwa mu Russia, sezvazvakanyorwa vaiona shoma. Uyezve, munyika yedu pane guru deposits yemafuta uye gasi, izvo zvinopa yakakwirira-unhu mbishi zvinhu.

Incineration zvokufonongonwa tsvina

MSW incineration anogona kubvisa yakawanda tsvina, asi anewo zvakakomba zvainovhiringidzawo. Kana kupiswa mudenga kuwa mapurasitiki zvinokuvadza, akawanda iri chepfu dioxin.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvino kutamira kubva nzira iyi kwetsvina iri dzakabudirira kure. Rimwezve tsime pakusvibiswa kana kutsva MSW centrally - a chin'ai choutsi nedota inotungamirwa mhango haritsvi zvimedu chingava chimwe muzvitatu kutanga Vhoriyamu tsvina. Vose vane wakakwirira njodzi kirasi kupfuura yepakutanga rakasimba tsvina uye saka zvinoda zvikuru inoomesera ezvinhu ose okuchengetera uye kwetsvina.

Kuti incineration vakauya napo kushandisa kumadokero nyika dziri kuedza kushandisa seinokonzera hwokubereka magetsi uye nokupisa. Izvi zvinoderedza kudiwa Zvisaririra. Muenzaniso uyu ndiwo kubudirira Co incinerator muVienna. Pane ruzivo ano anoshandiswa, kuburikidza izvo combustion muitiro hunowedzera hwakachengeteka.

Collection weimba tsvina iri Russian Federation

In Russia kubviswa tsvina hwakasimba kubva mumadhorobha munzvimbo iri nokudzorwa nyaya 13 mutemo pamusoro "Production uye kuparadzwa Waste". Standard midziyo simbi (mubhini) inoshandiswa kuunganidzwa weimba tsvina. Tsika iyi inoshanda kubva kweSoviet.

Kazhinji, marara unongoda mune nzvimbo pakati mufurati muzvivako. Pari, anoedza sangano yoga kuunganidzwa dongo, sezviri maererano Article 13 Act. The kuparadzana yakaitwa muna zvinotevera mumapoka: purasitiki kavha, Textiles, bepa, girazi, simbi, makemikari muriwo tsvina. Zvisinei, panguva ino mune zvakawanda nhanganyaya weimba tsvina kufambira tsika haagamuchirwi.

Kubviswa chikukutu tsvina

Nokuti kutakurwa zvokufonongonwa tsvina kushandisa chaiyo michina - marara. Ivo vanosiyana anotevera zvinhu:

• Use: kuti michina inoshandiswa dzinogarwa munzvimbo uye zvokufambisa, zvakagadzirirwa kushanda tsvina guru (kura tsvina);
• kubudikidza Vhoriyamu muviri;
• maererano nzira vachizvitakudza;
• kutaipa zvokuimba chisimbiso masarasara;
• hunhu okuyerera zvokufonongonwa tsvina.

Chinangwa akatakura kubviswa zvokufonongonwa kwetsvina zvivako. Mumaguta makuru, yokurasa marara rakaoma nokuda chinhambwe chikuru, izvo zvinofanira kugara kukurirwa muchina.

Collection uye kwenguva kuchengetera tsvina

In nyika yedu, kuunganidzwa kwemari hwakasimba tsvina ndiko dariro kupfuura kudhura kwezvinhu Utilisation yavo. Madaro marefu, izvo zvinofanira kupfuura marara rori muguta guru, uye guru yakawanda marara vanowanika mauto kutora matanho kuti ndaisagona kuronga pachikamu hurongwa. Nechikonzero chimwe chete, zvakakodzera rokumutsa mutero kuti tsvina rokubvisa nokuti pamutemo masangano. Vakawanda yakawedzerwa tsvina nokuda nokushanda ezvokutengeserana nehoro, uye zvinoreva kuti kubviswa zvakapwanyika kwakadaro kazhinji hazvina kukwana.

Chimwe Zvingangokubatsirai kuti pave zvenguva okuchengetera dzemapurisa MSW kubva kura tsvina inogona kuendeswa kune nzvimbo Utilisation vachishandisa zvifambiso siyana kusanganisira nezvitima.

Nzira dzekufambisa kufambira mhuri tsvina

Kana tsvina Sorting iri kure zvachose kurema zvimwe zvikamu zviduku kunogona akatuma marara. Kuti aite izvi, zvinotevera nzira anoshandiswa:

• Magnetic kuparadzana. Zvinonzi inobva pakushandisa magnets a simba zvinokwezva kwakavakirwa ferrous simbi alloys. kupora reshiyo anenge 90% of zvachose kurema simbi murenje.
• Electrodynamic kuparadzana. Rinoshandiswa kuti kubviswa aruminiyamu, ndarira uye nendarira. kupora zvazvingava kwazvo 80%.
• The aerodynamic kuparadzana rinoshandiswa kubvisa polymer uye zvachose kurema bepa tsvina. Nzira iyi ine mukusika munhu mumhepo aibuda simba, mauri vakareruka chakapatsanurwa kuparadzaniswa rinorema.
• Ballistic kuparadzana Rinoshandisa kuchinja kamwe kamwe ari nokukurumidza uye mirayiridzo kufamba kurenje nzvimbo, iyo anobvumira kuti vaparadzane kwakavharwa nenyama zvinoriumba kubva zvakawanda viscous. Nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa dzokubvisa girazi nevamwe marudzi marara.

Pasinei chichiitwa kuvandudzika pamusoro achigona nzira, uwandu tsvina iri kuwedzera 3% rimwe gore.